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     | Unrecorded Date This past century was like a roller coast for the whole world and some lost too much when others gained a lot. I am not a historian but to my understanding, UK is the biggest loser of the century while USA is is the winner. UK was a kingdom with no sunset when the century started. This country controlled much of the world from south pole to north pole. Now it is reduced to a small island whose parliment is now debating over its future and how to put all that past glory behind and come up with a way to survive in Europian community. They know that they will never be on the driver seat if they join EU fully. Any alternative to that would be a total isolation. what's left of UK's global kingdom is the language and GMT time standard. USA was in a real mess when when the century started and became the world's biggest economy and super power within this century. Somalia was divided into clan enclaves and under many European colonies. Two of five parts rose up to a full sovereign country but later dissolved into smaller clan enclaves. Did Somalia gain or lose? I think it gained and lost about the same. Just back to square one again. Abdi.
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| | Unrecorded Date The state of Somalia in the last century started under colonial rule. So, Somalia was never in a win sitution at the begging of the last century. But when the historians write about Somalia, they say something like this: "Memory seduces the mind, naively believing as it does in the notion of the good old days, when in fact there never have been any such. Still, remembering Somalis(of whom there may not be many) surely must lament the loss of their nationhood along with their dignity and, consequently, their becoming the laughingstock of the world; for statelessness and anarchy have become the synonym of the word Somali. Although the modern outlook ranks statelessness the most primitive state of human existence, who, one could reasonably ask, says a human community must exist in a state in order to have happiness and dignity? Still, the urge to belong to a national community, to have a state, a flag, a passport and a comer of the earth remains a universal longing, and those who lack these are invariably the object of universal scom. Thus it may be that the yearning for respect and for collective self-esteem must prompt members of the Somali elite to remember the past, the idyllic yesterday when theirs was counted a nation among the community of nations. To judge, though, by the mutually brutalizing behavior of this same elite.., voracious selfishness, unreasoning individualism and unbridled greed stand in the way of the dream for the restoration of the national state ever being realized. Practically each and everyone of the estimated five to seven million Somalis is, in his inflamed ambition, inflexibly bent on having the top job in the country, namely the presidency, and if he cannot have it, he will not hesitate to visit ruination on everyone, including immediate members of his own kin. Thus did Siad Barre used to boast: "When I am finally forced to relinquish power, there will be no nation left to govern." In other words, he had decided long beforehand that when the time of his final removal came, he would ensure the ruin of it all. How truly and perfectly he lived up to his word! Thus did General Mohammed F. Aydiid add a new proverb to Somali lore: "Cadyohow ama ku cunay ama ku ciideeyey," "O, thou beautiful cut of meat (meaning the national state), either I will eat you all by myself or I will ensure to soil you in the dirt so that no other can have you." He died trying to eat it all alone. The winner hands down, though, of the dubious distinction of unyielding greed must be the elder Ali Geedi Shadoor, an Abgaal parliamentarian and a wily deal-maker during the civilian administrations. On the eve of the 1969 election, General Abshir of the police force and General Barre of the military were called upon by the Abdirashiid-Igaal government to detail the police and military units that would oversee and enforce the rigging of the election. Rather than consent, Abshir felt honor-bound to refuse. He resigned honorably rather than soil his hands in the blood of fellow Somalis, since the stealing of the election must necessarily have involved the violent suppression of the cheated. Mr. Barre, on the other hand, went along with the shady scheme with alacrity and enthusiasm.(It may be pointed out in passing that the participation in this crime catapulted Siad Barre to the seizure and tenure of absolute power for twenty-two years, while Abshir's honest conscience and moral probity landed him in solitary confinement for ten solid years.... In this election Shadoor's seat was in jeopardy because his opponent, belonging to a rival faction of the Abgaal, was about to garner more votes. Conveniently, Mr. Barre lent a helping hand by eagerly providing a military unit commanded by Lieutenant Mohammed Shadoor, the son of the elder Shadoor. The opponent was detained under trumpedup charges during the election, and so he lost; whereupon the opponent's close kin felt outraged by the bold-faced fraud and plunged a knife in the lieutenant's stomach, stabbing him to death. A messenger was sent post haste to Mogadishu to bring Mr. Shadoor the news of his son's demise. The messenger arrived with a heavy heart, terrified of the legendarily irascible old man's reaction upon receipt of the unwelcome news. "Mr. Shadoor," the bearer of bad tidings is alleged to have said, "I have good news and I have bad news." "Before telling either news," Shadoor interrupted itopatiently, "I want to know whether the seat is secured." "Yes," said the messenger, "The seat is secured. And that is the good news. "The bad news, though," he continued, "is that your son has been staWed to death while protecting your seat." The old man jovially dismissed the trembling messenger with the rider, "As long as the seat is secure, no problem. I cannot afford to lose the seat, but I can afford to lose the son, because I can always make another.", Can anyone imagine what kind of society it is that a father would casually and gladly sacrifice his son for a seat in parliament! The insane greed of it all must indeed be sobering to any Somali, if he/she thinks at all"........ Some excerpts from SOMALIA: AFRICA'S PROBLEM CHILD? By Said S. Samatar. If you want me to quote all the excepts from that book, let me know.
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| | Unrecorded Date Asalama Alaykum Muslims! Winners??? Uhm, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Jabuti, Yemen, etc...and all of the other Muslim countries who said; "LIKE HELL! We have HAD it with you!" Losers??? THE WEST, no doubt!hehehe! WHY??? Hey, they think of it...we LIVE it! God tells us in the Qur`an that this world is for the Unbelievers---and BOY...we sure enjoy it at their expense! Ah, okay...we don't over-enjoy it, but hey...so what? We have an eternity world of ours that is to come! Rivers of wine and honey and milk...following one after another, and healthy, i might add! SO, yeah---Albert Einstein might've won the contest for the Time's person of the century...but i'm living off of what he thought up...and he doesn't even take anything from it; died alone with nothing but a cusket. OH, sorry, but I have no pitty! :)) Ramadan Mubarak to all Muslims! Peace, Ahmad!
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| | Unrecorded Date Ahmed: What has Saudi Arabia accomplished passed 100 yrs? Aside from the God given petroleum, Saudi Arabia cannot even produce a needle and is 100% dependent of foreign technology. I think Iran and Malaysia are leading Muslim nations when it comes to self-sufficient. Saudi Arabia is 100% dependent on USA when it comes to military and technology, and that makes USA Saudi's supreme ruler. Somalia! laughing stock Mahdi
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| | Unrecorded Date Asalama Alaykum Muslims! Mahdi, I was NOT talking about *WORLDLY* kind of accomplishments. Saudi Arabia became an independent country in late '30s; this was my point. AND, also, please, don't forget; Saudi Arabia...BUYS whatever that it gets from anybody else. Imagine if it shut its oil industry to the west? I say the Saudis are the chosen people; after all, they're the ONLY country in the world where you can have a FREE medicare---without being on Welfare! Living with the Ka`bah...has its rewards! :) AND, please, lets also get it straight; Saudi, even in its wicked line of duty, has accomplished some thing for the Ummah---if nothing else, there was alot of sects that were born out of arabia; talk about changes! As for US being a *supreme ruler* to Saudi, ah...what the heck! I'd rather rot in this so-called world...than to rot one minute in hell! So, it pays its prize! Saudis live comfortably, and boy, it sure lives off of unbelievers` sweat; all that better, of course! I'm not a fan of Saudi, and not any other *Islamic* state, for that matter, but some of them people give me a good feeling; grins, if nothin` else! Somalia? Ah, we'll grow! :) Ramadan Mubarak! Peace, Ahmad!
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| | Unrecorded Date I like Saudi Arabia too, not because of the people who rule that country now, but it is where Makah and Madiina is, the two best places to be living in this world--from the Prophet's time to this day--for 15 centuries continuously. Makah and Madiina are the two places where the old Muslims and the new comers to Islam long for and go with their money and nafs from the four corners of the world. These two Holy sites are protected, not by the so called the custodian of the two Haramayn or the Saudi Royal family, but by Allah, Himself. A poor person from Somalia can go and ENTER there with his or her little means of material possession, but the most powerful person in the world, like Clinton, can not set foot in there, even if the Saudi Royal family allows and gives him permission.
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| | Unrecorded Date A latecomener in the discussion. I was drawn in my the mention of Saudi Arabia, as a winner?????? What good did it ever do. People do not romanticize...The idiots that run that country are US puppets and will always remain as such. Mecca and Medina should be separate countries run by Muslims FAR from the claws of the Saud Royal family. Countries were muslims can visit freely without having to justify their existence. What kind of muslims are they when they watch in silence as muslims suffer around the world- suffering that their $$ can resolve? And if any of you have lived in Saudi you would know that they are the most racist people on the planet. Where is the Islam in that? Let us not romanticize that place.
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| | Unrecorded Date WE LOST LAST CENTURY!! WE WILL GAIN THIS CENTURY. I AGREE WITH YOU CARAWEELO. ARABS ARE BULSHIT REMEMBER...........
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| | Unrecorded Date Mohamed Ibrahim Do not blame all arabs but kingdoms. In Saudi Arabia is the place every body should go to masjid during salad time. High percentage of population are good worshipers to allah. They are muslims and arabs too. I agree we will win this century insha allah
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| | Unrecorded Date Jama: Can you post some more excepts? If the book is online, can you link the site on here? Thanks in advance, Al-Madar-duug-mareebto
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| | Unrecorded Date Madar, check your email. I sent the excerpts to your private email. It will take a long time for me to copy them on here. The book is not online.
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| | Unrecorded Date JAMA - there's a method called copy & paste:) You don't have to retype everything!
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| | Unrecorded Date Anonymous, what I mean is that the excerpts are too long to fit here at one time. In other word, I can't cut and paste it at one time. It will take two to four times long. :-). Let me have your email and I'll send it you. Then you try to cut and paste it on here at one time. Fair enough, techie? :-)
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| | Unrecorded Date Salaam everyone, Jama: I would also like excerpts from the book; could you include me in your "mailing list" brother? My e-mail is mdeeqa@hotmail.com Mahadsanid.
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| | Unrecorded Date Deeqa, as requested, I sent it to your private email.
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| | Unrecorded Date People why don't you just buy the book mentioned above? Any book on/about Somalia is an investment. But, I must commend Jama for the community service.
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| | Unrecorded Date Surfer, thanks. And the book is only $10. Actually, it is not a book; it is an Independent Journal--a Quadruple Issue called HORN OF AFRICA. This issue that I have contains four Journals: 1-Africa's Deficit Greed by Ali A. Mazrui 2-Making History by I. M. Lewis 3-The Purloined Obelisk by Richard Pankhurst 4-Africa's Problem Child by Said S. Samater. The Editor-in-Cheif & Publisher is Oman S. Ali Managing Editor is Said S. Samatar Associate Editors are Adreas Eshet, Annette Sheckler and Hamdesa Tuso If you would like to order or get a particular subscription rates write to or call: Horn of Africa, Enterprise Mall Bldg 34 Maple Street(P.O. BOX 803) Summit, New Jersey 07901, Tel:(907)273-6363 Subscription rates: Individuals: $10/issue; $75/year Instituations: $55/year; $100/2 years Students: $30/year
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| | Unrecorded Date Asalaamu 'Aleykum; Losers and the Winners....? what a topic!, Just didn't mention their scale of measurements. Losing what?Winning what?. I can remember this topic was on the front page of the local megazine published my city, I have been asked to submit two articles for that volume("21 CENTURY"). My attention wasn't to compare with different countries but to predict the future of different civilizations. I concluded my article.. Insha Allah 21 century is for Muslims, since former soviet ideology has been dictated almost 70 year in 20 century and judeo-christians has also governed and lead the world since 17 century. But Whois realy LOSER? " Inal khaasiriina ladiina Khasiruu Anfusaham Wa ahliihim Yawmal Qiyaama....Alaa Daalika HOWAL KHUSRAANUL MUBIIN""
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| | Unrecorded Date jama can you include me in your mailing list and kindly send one straight away pleeeeeeeeeease!
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| | Unrecorded Date jama Do you have prior permission to freely distribute extracts from this journal? I understand these are intellectual property which should not be passed around without the owners permission.
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| | Unrecorded Date Anonymous, it is not the whole book that is been distributed------some excerpts can be *quoted* without problem. Besides, I'm sure that they own me some advertising money for the publicity that I'm giving them. :-)
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| | Unrecorded Date Salaamu calaykum all Jama another request please if you can forward it to my email address. I appreciate the help and effort. Thank you walaal. Salaamu calaykum
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| | Unrecorded Date Jama, how are you? Can you plz for ward it to my emailaddress. salaamu Calaykum
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| | Unrecorded Date Anonymous-------Very funny. :-) Where is the email address of yours?! :-)
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| | Unrecorded Date Speaking of winners and losers, here is something to cheer you up: It is called THE RACE: the race of life. You can apply it to anything----individually or collectively as people. Read it whenever you are feeling down----it works for me. But the ultimate success of life in this world and the hereafter lies in the obedience of Allah In the way shown by our beloved prophet Muhammad(pbuh) THE RACE: "Quit! Give up! You're beaten!" They shout at me and plead. "There's just too much against you now, This time you can't succeed." And as I start to hang my head In front of failure's face, My downward fall is broken by The memory of a race. And hope refills by weakened will As I recall that scene. For just the thought of that short race Rejuvenates my being. A children's race, young boys, young men. Now I remember well. They all lined up so full of hope. Each thought to win that race, Or tie for first, or if not that, At least take second place. And fathers watched from off the side Each cheering for his son. And each boy hoped to show his dad, That he would be the one. The whistle blew and off they went, Young hearts and hopes afire. To win to be the hero there Was each young boy's desire. And one boy in particular, Whose dad was in the crowd, Was running near the head and thought, "My dad will be so proud." But as they speeded down the field Across a shallow dip, The little boy who thought to win Lost his step and slipped. Trying hard to catch himself His hands flew out to brace, And mid the laughter of the crowd, He fell flat on his face. So down he fell and with him hope -he couldn't win it now- Embarrassed, sad, he only wished to disappear somehow. But as he fell, his dad stood up And showed his anxious face, Which to the boy so clearly said, "Get up and win the race." He quickly rose, no damage done -behind a bit, that's all- And ran with all his mind and might To make up for his fall -to catch up and to win- His mind went faster than his legs; He slipped and fell again! He wished then he had quit before With only one disgrace. "I'm hopeless as a runner now; I shouldn't try to race." But in the laughing crowd he searched And found his father's face. That steady look that said again, "Get up and win the race." So up he jumped to try again -ten yards behind the last- "If I'm to gain those yards," he thought, "I've got to move real fast." Exceeding everything he had, He gained back eight or ten, But trying so to catch the lead, He slipped and fell again! Defeat! He lay there silently -a tear dropped from his eye- "There is no sense in running more; Three strikes, I'm out, why try?" The will to rise had disappeared. All hope had fled away. So far behind, so error prone, A loser all the way. "I've lost, so what's the use?" he thought. "I'll live with my disgrace." But then he thought about his dad, Who soon he'd have to face. "Get up!" an echo sounded low. "Get up and take your place. You were not meant for failure here; Get up and win the race." "With borrowed will get up," it said. "You haven't lost at all. For winning is no more than this, TO RISE EACH TIME YOU FALL" So up he rose to run once more, And with a new commit, He resolved that win or lose, At least he wouldn't quit. So far behind the others now -the most he'd ever been- Still he gave it all he had And ran as though to win. Three times he'd fallen stumbling. Three times he'd rose again. Too far behind to hope to win, He still ran to the end. They cheered the winning runner As he crossed the line first place. Head high and proud and happy. No falling, no disgrace. But when the fallen youngster Crossed the line last place, The crowd gave him the greater cheer For finishing the race. And even though he came in last, With head bowed low, unproud, You would have thought he won the race To listen to the crowd. And to his dad, he sadly said, "I didn't do so well." "To me, you won!" his father said, "You rose each time you fell." And now when things seem dark and hard And difficult to face, The memory of that little boy Helps me to win my race. For all of life is like that race With ups and downs and all, And all you have to do to win Is rise each time you fall. But another voice within me says, "GET UP AND WIN THE RACE!" by Dee
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| | Unrecorded Date Salaamu calaykum To Jama: First, thank you for sending me the excerpts that quick! Do you work for FedEx? (joke). And thank you again for this poem. It is heartbreaking and uplifting. What life is all made about, huh? Peace
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| | Unrecorded Date Jama, thanks for sharing the poem. Loved it. But one question, where was Mom during the race :) Would it be too much trouble if I ask you to sent i.e."fedex" me:) the article everyone is requesting. Thanks in advance.
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| | Unrecorded Date Cajabo, Wa calaykuma Salaam AND You're welcome. You know----I used to work for one of the business competitors of FedEx when I was going school--UPS- so their motto was---(let's beat these "FedEx") :-) Xaali, you're welcome. You know some Moms don't like races and sports, but I'm sure Mom had nice hot soup for her son and gave him a big proud HUG when he came home as a WINNER. :-)
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| | Unrecorded Date Thanks Jama, You know what they say about those UPS men?.... They all got great legs!!:)
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| | Unrecorded Date Xaali, what about those UPS women------aren't they got legs too? :-)
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| | Unrecorded Date Thanks Jama for forwarding this inspiring, sprit-lifting, hard-hitting, no-half-stepping, motivating, soul-searching poem to us. The Race: What a piece of work to read.!! I already made a print out on it and will let my 10 year old daughter read it.
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| | Unrecorded Date Mahasanid Jama soodiridaad ii soo dirtey the excerpts. I hope I post them here. Here it is. AFRICA'S PROBLEM CHILD(SOMALIA) PART # 2 AN APLOLOGY TO MESFIN WOLDE-MARIAM: To return to the business of memory, some twenty years ago, shortly after the Ethio-Somali war over the Ogaadeen, an Ethiopian scholar, Mesfin Wolde-Mariam, put out a work entitled: Somalia: the Problem Child of Africa. The title serves to indicate the savagery and incivility of the attack: Somalis are lambasted as latter-day Hitlerians. Moved equally by an urge to justly set the record straight and by a nationalistic itch for my then beloved Somalia, I attempted a counterattack, which was published in a book on African boundary problems. I chided Mesfin for lapsing into an unedifying name-calling, a deplorable yelp that was unworthy of his established reputation as a scholar of considerable erudition, integrity and intellectual reach. The chiding may be worth reproducing: 'That the Horn of Africa is in the grip of a deadly dilemma may be gauged from the fact that Ethiopia's latest official response to Somali grievance is...a shrill diatribe in which the Somali are berated, among other things, as "tough-minded criminals" and "obsess[Ed] freaks." The alleged author of this sad tract is none other than Meshm Wolde-Mariam, a man of considerable intelligence and erudition who had put out an earlier monograph on the Ethio-Somali conflict in 1964. Though written from the Ethiopian standpoint at a time when the two countries had fought a nasty little war and were consequently trading mutual abuse and insults through the radio and press, the earlier work nevertheless commends itself for its tone of restraint and even, on occasion, bold and constructive ideas. One therefore wonders what impelled the previously temperate and reasonable Mesfin to produce the ranting hysteria of the later pamphlet. Mesfin's lapse is possibly explained by the pamphlet's date and place of publication: 1977(Addis Ababa). The Addis Ababa of that year was not a place for temperate or cool heads. It was then that a brutal military junta known as the Dergue, in a bid to foist its legitimacy on Ethiopia, unleashed the notorious "Red Terror" in which, according to Amnesty International, Ethiopians perished by the thousands. Although no section of society was spared during these frenzied massacres, it was the Ethiopian intelligentsia who particularly suffered, subjected as they were to repeated Stalinist-type purges. It is the good fortune of the Horn that Meson survived, even if as a price for his survival he may have been forced to put his name to a compromising tract' Twenty years later and the sinking of Somalia into the sand dunes of the Horn, I write this expressly to apologize to Professor Mesfin whose judgement of the Somalis as a nation turned out to be remarkably prescient and to the point. Somalia did indeed prove to be the problem child of Africa. Professor Mesfin can take little comfort from this, though, for Ethiopia itself today, riven by ethnic conflict and regional antagonisr4 seems to be lurching heedlessly towards Somalia's fate.
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| | Unrecorded Date AFRICA'S PROBLEM CHILD(SOMALIA) PART # 3 THE EMERGENCE OF MINI-SOMALILANDS Since the collapse of the central state in January, 1991, Somalia has fractured into five mini-lands; the former British Somaliland Protectorate seceded in 1991, and has renamed itself the Republic of Somaliland. No nation, though, has come forward to recognize the Republic of Somaliland as a separate sovereign entity. The Machiavellian Mohammed H. I. 'Igaal has, through bribery, intimidation and assorted flimflammig, just got himself re-elected president for another three-year term. But 'Igaal's authority barely extends beyond the central regions of the new republic where the dominant Issaaqq clans have been engaged in a dreary round of now-fight, now-makeup rigmarole. Here, an observation I made ten years ago, on the eve of the struggle between the Somali ational Movement and Siad Barre loyalists that was to reduce the cities of Hargeisa and Burao, may be worth repeating: Suppose, by some miracle of Allah, a unified Issaaqq movement succeeded in running Siyaad Barre out of town. Suppose, also, even a greater miracle, the other Somali clan-families agreed that the Issaaqq, on account of the grievous injuries they sustained under Siyaad, should be given a shot at forming the new government. Suppose these two great miracles occurred. Which, then, of the four principal Issaaqq clan-families--Habar Awal, Habar Yoonis, Habar Tol Ja'alo and 'Iidagalle--l hope I do not run foul of the formidable Arab clansmen for not including them in the Big Four--will have the presidency? Suppose the other three agreed, yet another miracle, to let the Habar Awal have a shot at it. Then which of the two main branches of the Habar Awal--the Sa'ad Muuse who, in their urban ease and comfort in and around Hargeisa until Siyaad destroyed the city, formed the nearest thing to a Somali nobility-or the Iise Muuse, the immediate kin of the ever ambitious Premier 'Igaal, by all accounts the wiliest and most devious schemer of northern Somali politicians...the interested reader should recall the experience of Mohamed H. Ibrahim 'Igaal, prime minister for four days(June 26-30) of the then four day independent northern Somalia. Even as shrewd and resourceful a politician as 'Igaal could not continue to hold power in the north, partly because the fervently nationalistic north wanted immediate unity with the south but also because...he was on the verge of being thrown out of office by segmentary pressure, by other "big men" who belonged to even bigger clans. So the Machiavellian 'Igaal took his revenge on northerners by delivering the north, lock, stock and barrel, without any constitutional safeguards, to the south, in order to retain some power--to the north's ultimate loss of autonomy, not to mention power. Now ten years and a civil war later, a great deal of history has transpired, most of it not too happy. To begin with, the miracles are worth revisiting: Miracle Number One: "Suppose, by some miracle of Allah, a unified Issaaqq movement succeeded in running Siyaad Barre out of town. " Fulfilled. Though the Issaaqq did not directly run Barre out of Mogadishu, it was the hemorrhaging done to the regime by SNM fighters in the north in the spring of 1988 that fatally wounded his power. Miracle Number Two: "Suppose, also, even a greater miracle, the other Somali clan families agreed that the Issaaqq, on account of the grievous injuries they sustained under Siyaad, should be given a shot at forming the new government." The Issaaqq did not manage to get their "shot at form the new government," but they got something better: their own independence after years of being in the shadow of the south. And yet, these two miracles have, Somali existence being the riddle it is, now ramified into two unwelcome non-miracles in a perverse binary opposition--to wit, non-miracle number one: "the great ironist in the sky" could not have conceived of a crueler practical joke on the Issaaqq than granting them their independence, for they, like almost all Somali clans, are blighted beyond redemption by the demon of lineage segmentation, Somalia's ever present and unsparing malignant illness. The uninitiated may turn for a quick summary of this all-encompassing Somali curse in an earlier piece in the pages of the Horn. Since 1991 under the independent Republic of Somaliland, the mutual savagery and massacres resulting from the various bouts between the Gerhajis and Tol Jaclo clans of the Issaaqq on the one hand, and between Awal and Gerhajis on the other, must amount to one of the most heinous atrocities in Somalia's altogether heinous civil war. By all reliable--and unreliable-- accounts, nothing comparable in duration and wanton cruelty has ever transpired even in the worst days of Barre's rule in and around the town of Burao. 1995 and 1996 were particularly bad years for Gerhajis-Tol-Jacalo mutual internecine bloodyings. Non-miracle number two: as I write, 'Igaal is talking about going to attend the projected Somalia-wide conference to be held in Boossaaso under MMajeerteen tutelage. What might 'Igaal be up to? To just observe the meeting, as he claims? To run off from segmentary pressure, as he had done on the eve of the unification of north and south thirty-seven years ago? Or to weave in Bossaasso the tapestry that would result in the delivering, once again, of Somaliland to the south, as he had done in June 30, 1960? All knowledgeable observers surely know that 'Igaal is interested in the presidency of the Somalil-and Republic only as a conduit to becoming the president of a re-united Somalia; for 'Igaal's distended ego as the man of the hour and his estimate of himself as a global figure require a larger canvas than can be offered by tiny Somaliland Republic, but to re-tract openly from secessionist commitment would be to open himself up to attacks by Issaaqq political enemies. It'd therefore be interesting from the vantage point of vintage 'Igaal flimflamming--and depressing from the view point of Somali welfare--to anticipate what political alchemy and assorted skullduggery the old wizard will employ in the next couple of years, on all points of the compass, in order to realize his cherished goal of becoming president, or prime minister at the very least, of a united Somalia. For now, though, 'Igaal's immediate task of putting his house in order, first, is cut out for him: to the east where the DDaarood clans of the Dhulbahante and Warsangali hold sway and to the northwest where the Gadabursi and 'Isse predominate, 'Igaal can barely venture into these latter territories of his republic without the guarantee of safe conduct by the holding clans. Still, the Somalilanders must deserve a grudging respect for at least maintaining the semblance, if not the substance, of a state. Just in from the Somaliland Republic: 'Igaal is said to have invited back into the fold Abdirahman Tuur, the man who led Somaliland Republic into secessionist independence, subsequently lost to 'Igaal in a power struggle, went over to 'Aydiid as soon as he could not make it go in the north; as 'Aydiid's vice president miraculously converted from diehard secessionist to ardent unionist, was therefore condemned to death in absentia by 'Igaal for renouncing Somaliland's independence, sneaked back (September 1997) into Burao under the protection of his Gerhajis kinsmen, and dared 'Igaal to come and catch him if he could. Instead, the devious 'Igaal asked him over for a warm "let's-talk-about-it" khat session. 'Igaal and Tuur have at this very moment, according to the late word, embraced and agreed to bury the hatchet. Again, what might 'Igaal be up to? To reconcile with his old rival so as to unify his domestic power base, even possibly to bring in the Ogaadeen and other DDaarood clans for good measure, in order to build a political coalition strong enough to counter-vail against the Sodere group, who are seen by some as increasingly falling under the influence of the Majeerteen?(Writing about Somali politics, to speculate a moment, is like plowing the sea, for writing requires, at a minima, some coherent pattern in the subject written about, and Somali politics, like Somali character in general, has no coherence or logical pattern; but only opportunistic contingency; a century and a half ago Sir Richard Burton, after observing Somali society for months with his keen eye, concluded as the salient feature of the collective Somali character: "Constant in nothing but inconstancy!" Thus, a man like Tuur might have taken a position yesterday, another today that thoroughly vitiates yesterday's, and still another position tomorrow that completely makes mockery of yesterday's and today's positions, without ever being called upon it. There is no accountability in the Somali political mix-process; only constant inconstancy rules supremely. No wonder the world is, by sums, disgusted and mystified in dealing with Somalis.) Meanwhile southern Somalia, the former Italian Somaliland, has fragmented into four mini-clan zones. Kisimayu and adjacent lands in the farthest south is variously contested by the Ogaadeen, the MMareehaan and a confederacy of Harti clans, principally MMajeerteen. General Morgan, the erstwhile butcher of Hargeisa, holds court here as the head honcho. Farther north in the upper half of the south, mainly the town of Baidoa and surrounding farmlands, the Rahanwayn confederacy of clans continue to prosecute their faction fights. Since the ejection of Aydiid's militia last year, nobody knows who the head honcho here is. Mogadishu, the capital and central Somalia where the HHawiye clans predominate, has been the scene of the bloodiest intra-HHawiye butchery. War lords Aydiid, Oman Ato and Ali Mabdi have been struggling for power, in the process drenching the land in bloodshed, and unleashing a scale of hooliganism and free-lance violence unparalleled anywhere else in Somalia. When the old war horse General Aydiid was fatally cut down by resisting Abgeal, and was retired from the cares of this world presumably to meet his maker in the summer of 1996, the son Hussein Aydiid also rose, as leader of his father's faction, picking up where the old man had left off, by carrying out lethal feuds variously with Oman Ato, leader of the other faction of the Habar Gidir, with Ali Mahdi of the Abgaal, another HHawiye sub-clan. Lately the Abgaal have fallen on one another in a power struggle between Ali Mahdi and one Sheikh Ali Dhere, the latter alternating between a politician and a man of religion, and in either hat addicted to slicing off human limbs. In short, the richest part of Somalia has been laid waste by an assortment of intra-HHawiye feuds. It may be said in passing that the latest intra-Abgaal killings claimed the life of one Bionda, a refined intellectual with an urbane demeanor--or so he struck me when I chanced on him in Washington (1990?) and dined with him at a little Somali eating place with the mildly ironic name of "Somali Delights." Why did he return to and sojourn for so long in a hellish city suddenly plunged into a gangster kingdom of mooryaans(terrorist thugs). The remaining portion of southern Somalia is the northeast with the town of Boossaasso as the urban center on the eastern coast of the Indian Ocean. There occurred one markedly bloody eruption here in the early 1990s when Somali Muslim fundamentalists invaded it in a bold bid to wrest control from local elders and establish a theocracy there. War lord Abdullahi Yusuf, a leathery survivor of innumerable gun battles and therefore not particularly noted for mildness of character, unleashed his militia on the wadaads(men of religion) in a fearful massacre, driving the mullahs out into the wilderness and mercilessly hunting them down in their mountain hideouts. Inexplicably, the mullahs' desperate pleas for divine intervention in the face of Abdullahi's fury was roundly ignored by the Almighty who indifferently looked the other way as the self-styled holy men were systematically obliterated. Which proves what is already known: that Allah's ways are as mysterious as they are bafflingly inscrutable For the rest the MMajeerteen have so far managed to keep their hilly desert patrimony peaceable. MMajeerteennia seems for the most part to have been spared the apocalypse that has descended on the rest of southern Somalia, and the traffic of people--including expatriates-commerce and ideas flows freely and uninterruptedly without fear of molestation. To judge by the reports of foreign correspondents, Boossaasso has evolved into an oasis of tranquility wherein it has attracted the migration of capital and talent from all over Somalia and from as far away as Kenya. Therefore the international press is gone gage with praise for Boossaasso, a recent Washington Post article blandly calling it a "port in a storm." The fact that the MMajeerteen succeeded in saving themselves from the wanton destruction in the rest of the country should not be read as getting them off the hook for Somalia's troubles. As I will argue in an ensuing section, while members of all clans share the blame for the country's slide into anarchy, the Majeerteen can justly be singled out as the principal culprits.
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| | Unrecorded Date AFRICA'S PROBLEM CHILD(SOMALIA) PART # 4 A LEELKASE CAPTAIN AHAB: As product of the literary imagination, Captain Ahab is the major protagonist in Melville's novel Moby Dick, the classic work often cited as ushering in the coming of age of American literature. At once diabolical and ambition-crazed, he is the poetic archetypal figure representing Western Europe's lust for power, glory and gain and short for conquest. He is descended, fictionally and spiritually from the incomparable Dr. Faust as well, the literary creation of the German playwright, Goethe. In a memorable scene in Goethe's play, Dr. Faust makes a historic bargain with Lucifer, dean of the satanic host, in which he offers his soul to the devil in return for the devil's grant to him of mastery over the world. Hence, the famous scriptural cautionary tale, "for what will it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world but lose his soul," does not resonate with Dr. Faust. He would gladly relinquish his soul to hell for the conquest of the globe. Dr. Faust and Captain Ahab are one and the same in spirit and imagery portraying the satanic side of the West that catapulted Europeans not only into a 500-year global hegemony enslaving, colonizing and ruthlessly exploiting the nations of Africa and Asia but also installing their absolute open season on the world, pillaging, raping and ravishing everywhere they went, leaving it desolate and devastated. Unlike the physically wholesome Dr. Faust, Ahab is a crippled with a wooden leg, a withered arm and a host of other assaults on his body sustained in the course of life-time of pursuing the elusive white whale through the high seas. His body may be battered but his spirit is indomitable. It was therefore a matter of unforgettable astonishment to encounter a latter-day Captain Ahab in(name of city withheld), April 5, 1994. His real name is(name withheld), ethnically a Leelkase and therefore my own kinsman. Let me say at the outset that the likening of(name withheld) to Captain Ahab in the ensuing remarks is only metaphorical and that there is no intention to call my kinsman a devil. If anything he struck me, when in his best mood, as a gentleman's gentleman; still, he did radiate a lot of Ahab-like characteristics which call for comment. In the crazy crisscrossing quilt of ethnicities, in Mohamaud S. Togane's words, "this devil's concoction of clans," that make up Somali society, the Leelkase are composed of a small clan of mullahs(my kinsmen are likely to disown me for saying this) constituting a sub-lineage of the DDaarood clan-family. There are tantalizing bits and pieces of evidence that suggest the LeeLkase to have been almost completely wiped out in a massacre that occurred in some ancient, prehistoric time. For example, there are hills of human skeletons in eastern Somalia that are called "Lafa-Tanade," or the "Bones of the Tanade, "-Tanade being another name for the Leelkase. Who massacred them and why will probably never be known. In order to survive, the solitary remnants of the Leelkase then turned to religion, permanently leaving the struggle for material power and influence to larger clans. To paraphrase Professor I. M. Lewis, where Somalis fail to acquire power in the physical world, they seek it in the spiritual. Another name for the Leelkase is Xer, literally "Qur'anic disciples." They often specialized in setting up catechistic Qur'anic centers throughout Somalia teaching the diin, or religion, solemnizing marriages and receiving, in return, gifts (siyaaro) of livestock and tokens of honor from the host clans. It appears that in their role as wadaads(men of religion) and fiqihs(scholars of sacred law) the Leelkase prospered and multiplied in numbers; for by the middle of the century they took to trusting more to the sword than to the diin. They got into various and sundry feuds to the east with 'Umar Mohamuud MMajeerteen and to the west with the Habar Gidir HHawiye. It was in a particularly lethal feud with the 'Umar Mohamuud in 1964-5 that(name with held), my Captain Ahab, enters into history as a legendary warrior, leading a Leelkase militia to fight off the powerful 'Umar Mohamuud to a standstill(this is the Leelkase version; the 'Umar Mohamund claim they stopped short of finishing off the Leelkase for fear of divine retribution). Whatever the true version of events, the Leelkase came out of this feud with renewed confidence in their capacity to defend themselves by the sword. Ahab apparently played a major part in the Leelkase holding their own. And so it was he who, shortly after this feud, triumphantly boasted in a poetic couplet: "Allow iyo aayadii ka baxnoo Afdiinlaarl ku aarsarayraa" (We, the Leelkase have ceased and desisted from our vain pleas to Allah for protection, Instead we now employ the gun to avenge our dead!) Those who served with him describe him as a warrior's warrior whose tactical maneuvers in the field can only be matched by his death-defying bravery: he was left for dead at least once, his entire body is polka-dotted with bullet marks, his right leg blown off by a bazooka blast and his arm withered like a stunted branch. One should imagine that a man with so many assaults on his body would permanently quit warring. Not so (name withheld) When clannish violence broke out in earnest in the collapse of the state in early 1991, he was at the head of a Leelkase militia dueling it out with Habar Gidir militia. The Leelkase claim(a claim which is more of a boast than substance) that they have single-handedly driven the Habar Gidir from their grazing grounds in Mudugh province into Benaadir province where the latter under General Aydiid have wreaked havoc, variously, on the Abgaal, Hawaadle, Murursade and Rahanwayn. Again (name withheld) was hit, this time in the head with one eye shot off and the forehead re-arranged from the effect of flying shrapnel. How he ended up in(name of the city withheld) remains a mystery, but there he was all right that morning when I arrived at the shiny lecture hall of (name withheld) University to deliver a talk to rossy-cheeked American students. The gist of my lecture was to try to put a semblance of logic on the Somali muddle to a mildly bemused roomful of Americans, wondering why their boys got killed in a distant and savage place called Somalia. The audience's questions during discussion bore a striking resemblance to Chancellor Bismarck's near the end of the nineteenth century: when asked to provide fresh troops for the conquest of New Guinea, the Iron Chancellor replied with characteristic bluntness, "New Guinea head-hunters are not worth of the healthy bones of one Prussian grenadier!" Was Somalia worth the healthy bones of one American Ranger? After the lecture (name withheld) was introduced by three Other Leelkases as the "General." The General? This withered shade? I reflected. We drove to a five-star hotel in downtown (city name withheld). The car parked, we got out and when he attempted to walk, he wheezed and rattled and shuffled, dragging the wooden leg after the other. I began to see that half his body was made up of wooden supports, the original organs having been blasted off by steel. Our waitress was a luscious blonde with radiant skin and sumptuous eyes whose comings and goings coupled with imagination served to whet the appetite. The lunch(which one of the Leelkases paid for) was not, as it turned out, the point of our gathering; it was in fact a ruse designed to rough me up by Captain Ahab aka (name with held). As soon as we were seated, he rounded on me with the one working eye sparkling. Said he, "Are you a man with xiniinyoo (balls?)." More disoriented than annoyed by the forwardness of his manners, I said, "Pardon me!" He learned the tone of irritation in those two words, for he stammered and said with less force: "We Leelkases have proven our fighting capabilities in the recent explosion of clan warfare that followed Siad Barre's fall. We do not initiate fights, but when fights are forced upon us, we punish mightily; every clan that picked up a quarrel with us came to regret it. We vanquished--" he rattled off series of clan names, and tapped vigorously on the wooden leg with the edge of his palm, and by God, it was hollowed out and had the resonating acoustics of a durbaan, or drum! Did he do this for effect to freak me out?" I said, "Enough. I do not want to hear the gory details of one bloody tribal skirmish after another." He said, "Do you know the new names of the Leelkase, as a result of our prowess in the recent feuds?" I said I did not. He said, "One name is gaas-dhagoole," which may be translated as the "deaf legion." I said, "Why gaas-dhagoole?" He said, "Because once the Leelkase take up the field, they become deaf as to the rumble of shells. When in action we become deaf and mute to death. We defy death, knowing this mortal body can go but once." This reminded me of Julius Caesar's legendary cogitations on life and death: "Cowards die many times but the valiant never taste of death but once." By all the stars, when Caesar made those words famous he had just vanquished the Iberian peninsula and Gaul, the name then for the territories now making up France, Switzerland, half of Germany and all the lands adjacent to the English Channel, thus making possible the conquest of Britain by the lame emperor Claudius. In other words, Caesar would die in the forging of empires, reducing cities and compelling nations to bow before him; whereas my kinsman would glorify death in a senseless, soap-opera-like, endless and purposeless cycle of tribal violence. "Really?" I said, incredulously. "When we take to the field," the shade continued, "we would not abandon it, come what may. We'd die to the last man." "In that case," I said, "count me out." "Are you a coward?" "Pardon me!" One of the others interrupted with some gratuitous remark designed to provide comic relief. Captain Ahab started off again, "Do you know what the other name is? I said, "Indulge me." He said, "Darbe-DDaarood," which translates, "the DDaarood Wall." "Because," he said, squinting the one serviceable eye, "when the DDaarood were in desperate trouble on all sides in the recent wars, it was we who stood between them and other clans." "Ask the Warsangali[another DDaarood sub-clan]," he continued, "to confirm the truth of what I am saying. It was they who dubbed us, 'the DDaarood Wall,' in grateful recognition of our defending role." The luscious white chick returned to clear the table; kids(white and black) toyed on the electronic Star Wars box. The jacuzzi fountains made plangent caressing sounds. The people, the streets, the cars, he lights--the city hummed outside. And here we were four Leelkases engaged in a cosmological clan discourse. This was surreal, I thought. Captain Ahab continued to harass me. Said he, "We are as good in peace as in war. Because we are men of religion, we deal honestly with others. We do not double-talk. Our word is as good as faith itself." Ahab paused, wheezing; then began again, "We'd prefer to have our necks cut off than break our word. That is why," the serviceable eye glistened, "we are universally trusted by all other clans. There is a great future for us in Somalia as power brokers, if not power holders in the country." " A great future for us in Somalia!" I could hardly believe I heard what I had heard. "Maledetto te, pazzo," I cussed in Italian under my breath. "Now, as for you," the shade opened up again, "We need you. Are you going to play an honorable role in this future? Are you going to lend us your academic thing and international contacts? Are you going to join us?" He gave me a look that froze me, making me feel creepy all over. The man had me, emotionally speaking, on the run. "Are you going to be part of us, or simply satisfied to fatten off American food stamps?" "The sucker," I cussed again. "Does he think I am on the dole?" He must have noticed my angry scowl, for at this he began to let up, warming up to me and judging it necessary to inform me, "The Fiqih Isma'ill[my own sub-branch of the Leelkase] have always demonstrated qualities of leadership in the clan. "What was he buttering up to me for? There was no way of knowing, because he broke off and went into a trance(he was also suffering from Khat withdrawals), spewing out a stream of primeval monologue, half-poetry, half singsong, mumbling the words: "Alla waan hawoonayoo, alla hawa na haysa, ee." "Alas, ambition stirs in us, ambition--ambition we seek." Back in my hotel room, I transcribed the outlines of the visit into my diary. Then I was assailed with one impulse and two thoughts. First, the impulse: this wraith of a man whose broken frame is pitted through and through with the mark of steel, only the one eye remaining whole of his entire body, and yet so animated, so lively, so resilient, his spirit so indomitable. The Somali civil war was not overabundant with examples of valiance in its purest essence, but this one was courage personified. I was awed! To paraphrase Mark Anthony on the slain Brutus, "All the elements unite to say this was truly a man." But my awe, even admiration was thoroughly dissipated by my growing scorn for his mad ambition. I learned by and by that he came to the U.S. on a refugee asylum program, that he was resettled in..(name of city withheld) to start up a new life, that his needs in shelter, food and medication were met by American generosity, the cost of his upkeep being split between the state of..(State name withheld) and the Federal Government. As such, one should suppose that with this largesse, he'd settle and end out his remaining days in peace and tranquility, living off America's kindness, gazing blissfully on the busty, leggy blondes that populate the swank avenues of..(city name withheld). No, his heart was not in these but in "ambition" and thoughts of "a great future" in Somalia! What a mad son of a gun! If the whole world were offered to him on a silver platter, what good would this do him, given that he is so wasted? How could he, in the broken condition of his body, savor the ease, the comfort and delights of power, to say nothing of coping with its cares--this apparition of re-arranged wood and mended skeleton? As to the first thought that assailed: it was stirred by the specter's question, "Are you going to join us?" This resonated with me because it brought to mind one Abdirahman Hajji Hirsi, a first cousin, a medical doctor by vocation and a multi-sided genius who commanded mastery--I mean absolute mastery--over five languages--Arabic, English, French, Italian and Russian, in addition to his native Somali. When Somalia erupted, he moved to Kisimayu to save as the only doctor in a children's hospital housing several hundred orphans. The Belgian paratroopers who manned Kisimayu and its environs had no end of praise for this doctor's, as one of the paratroopers put it, "integrity, hard work and dedication to his lowly orphanage." Well, one evening a gunman showed up at the orphanage premises and asked Dr. Hirsi to hand over to him the entire store of medicine in the orphanage. The doctor balked, whereupon he was shot at blank range. He died instantly. This incident in turn brought to mind a similar murder-by-shooting of another doctor, one Dr. Mohammed Warsame, who, after being hounded by the pleas of Roman Catholic nuns to help bind the wounds of his people, had reluctantly returned to Mogadishu to care for a large orphanage. General Aydiid ordered him killed for reasons of clan considerations in the fall of 1992. In the entire world, even in benighted Africa, a doctor's person is considered sacrosanct and treated as such. In the entire world, that is, except in mad Somalia. Dr. Hirsi, by reason of his medical skills and genius of mind, would, by international standards, have rated as worth more than the entire lot of the Leelkase put together. Yet, like so many others, he died senselessly and in vain and, from what I have been able to piece together, at the hands of another Leelkase. No, Captain, I'd rather not join you! The other thought that crossed my mind was frightening; to wit, if the Leelkase, largely a clan of mullahs with no material or numerical significance(I daresay my kinsmen are likely to disown me for saying this) are so inflamed and obsessed with brokering power in Somalia, if not seizing it, what about the much larger clans with many more resources in men and material? What heights of lust for power and gain must consume their souls? Then I understood why Somalia collapsed. This is a nation of greed and ambition gone mad.
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| | Unrecorded Date AFRICA'S PROBLEM CHILD(SOMALIA) PART # 5 WHY NOT AYDIID: Drafted while general Aydiid was still alive, this section can now only be addressed to his shadow which, no doubt, still stalks what is left of Somalia's soul and surely haunts the dusty streets of south Mogadishu. A case can be made that Aydiid was the right man to take over turbulent Somalia at that critical juncture of Siad Barre's fall. Here is the bill of particulars that constitutes Aydiid's case: first, he resisted Barre's dictatorship; whether his resistance was motivated by personal frustration for failing to receive his fair share of the loot of the Somali treasury, as some claim, is beside the point. The fact is that he opposed Mr. Barre, a most dangerous undertaking and was consequently flung in prison where he languished for more than four years along with other fallen officers. The strictures of solitary confinement must have proved too much for the formerly roving nomad, for all accounts say that the incarceration traumatized the general, driving him to bouts of dementia and hysteria by turns. In one deranged outburst, he was seen nibbling on a bar of washing soap like a delicious piece of cake. Unquestionably, the man suffered badly. It may be objected that he suffered all right, but he did so for greed and ambition, the twin curses of nearly all so called Somali "big men" and that his conspiracies caused him to run foul of his old patron saint, Siad Barre, who, no longer being able to abide Aydiid's incessant plotting, finally had had enough and proceeded to consign him to the tender environs of confinement. To fault Aydiid thus is to indulge in selective judgement. What Somali leader-type was ever punished for purely altruistic interest in behalf of Somalia, except perhaps that mild mannered mystic, General Mohammed Abshir? Second, Aydiid roughed up the DDaarood, a most salutary under arcing. After years of dominating the political scene, the DDaarood had grown arrogant and it was time to put the fear of God into them. Aydiid's savaging of them had done just that. But his tragedy was that he did not stop there; imbued with a congenial bloody nature, he went on to bloody the HHawiye, his own kin, even more savagely. Aydiid in fact brutalized all and everyone who crossed his path. Aydiid in fact brutalized all and everyone who crossed his path. What his mind was too simple to understand was that brute force alone seldom provides the answer to all human problems, least of all politica1 problems; that in the pursuit of power, force can be useful only as an extension of diplomacy. Even so, the DDaarood must have been sobered to respectful attention by Aydiid's clobbering. Third, Aydiid inherited almost the entire armory of the national military, including state-of-the-art weaponry, and therefore was the only warlord possessing enough fire power to break the back of the Somalis and to bend them to his will. Just take a look at the other warlords--they are either weaklings or unacceptable. Abdullahi Yusuf, the only other warlord with as forceful a personality, and as ruthless and blood-thirsty, as Aydiid, would have been too far away in the northeast; Morgan would have been too far away from the center of action too, and in any case unacceptable as the author of the infamous "Letter of Death;" Oman Ato is a spoiled civilian boy grown rich from the loot of the national physical plant; Ali Mahdi is too weak and feckless to rule unruly Somalis. Clearly Aydiid was the man of the hour. Somali heads needed bending if the anarchy and bloodbath that ensued were to be avoided. If Aydiid seized power, he'd probably have imposed a brutal regime that would have made Siad Barre's look like a sunny outing, but it is a proven law of human society that tyranny with stability is infinitely superior to liberty with anarchy. Nothing grows in anarchy, least of all a nation's soul. Fourth, Aydiid fought and sacrificed for the pursuit of power more than the rest of the lot put together. His passion was power and nothing else mattered to him, for in his personal conduct and private life, he was the most temperate of Somalis. While those others who could afford vice lapsed into sickening heights of debauchery, he neither smoked, nor drank, nor drugged; he did not even chew khat, an incredible abstention for an urban Somali of means. His only pleasure vice was women, and in this he exhibited a marked bias for Majeerteen women, whatever Freud would have made of this. In the various confrontations, alternately, with the •••••••, the Abgaal, the Murursade, the Haweadle, and, most brazenly, with the Americans--Aydiid showed surpassing military resourcefulness and incomparable personal courage. He was indeed a brilliant combat man. But therein lay his strength as well as his tragedy. Militarily, Aydiid was on the order of genius but, politically, he was on the scale of jackass. Autistic of mind and congested of spirit, he could not perceive the subtle complexity and clumsiness and maddening craziness of human existence; he tried to solve political obstacles requiring political solutions with a hammer. He forgot nor never learned--that the use of force in governance is to achieve a political objective, and that arms avail nothing in themselves, especially when counter-balanced against other arms. This was fatally brought home to him when the Abgaal, who had been repeatedly harried by him, finally resolved to fight back. Still, Aydiid's valor was supreme, in marked contrast to the cowardly Barre who panicked and fled at the first sign of trouble. By contrast, Aydiid would be mortally wounded in action while charging at the head of his men--------- In short, Aydiid was, tragically for Somalia, what the Somalis call a macangag, which may be translated as "asininity stubborn." Here, a vignette related by the Somali/Canadian poet Mohamuud S. Togane serves to illustrate the point: according to Togane, when a couple of years back Aydiid the father invited Aydiid the son to Mogadishu to start him up as his vicaoy, the young Aydiid's mother begged him not to return to Somalia and revisit anew on that unhappy country his father's brutal ravishing. She is reported to have added: "Your father's macangagness is such that if he takes a fancy to anything, he must have it or he would wreak havoc on all and everything that is even remotely related to the object of his desire." "Once," the lady is reported to have explained, "he took a liking to my shawl, and commenced to grab on its hem. No pushing, shoving or pleading could break his grip. I had to reach for a knife and cut up the shawl in half in order to break loose from him."9 Unless this be apocryphal, the American Rangers can appreciate posthumously what they were up against in Aydiid. A fearful macangag indeed. The most revealing vignette of Aydiid's character occurred in 1992. At the height of the famine that killed by starvation upwards of three hundred thousand Somalis, General Aydiid, in a bid to project an image of himself as a statesman, invited the international press corps(who were then descending on Somalia like a cloud of migrant bees) for a sumptuous dinner. The journalists all fell on the succulent dishes like so many flies--all, that is, but one, a Quaker who, given the sensitive conscience of Quaker spiritual tradition, refused to eat. Feeling that his generosity had been insulted, the irascible general came down hard on the balking journalist and cajoled him to eat. But the press man would not budge on the grounds that he could not eat in good conscience while hundreds of thousands starved in nearby Baidoa. Rather jolted by the response, Aydiid defensively insisted that his responsibility was solely to his own Habar Gidir kin. To which the journalist shot back, "I thought you wished to be president of all Somalis" The General had nothing to say, the only time, ever, his known to have been left speechless. If the above is Aydiid, why would I wish him so ardently on Somalia? Partly on the reasoning that a jackal nation deserves jackal leader. The wildly fractious Somalia of the 1990s needed a human pit bull to bury its teeth in every Somali neck in order to terrorize them into submission. Partly also because I feel a twinge of remorse over the fact that I had a hand in Aydiid's being cheated out of his prize. The story of my close call with the General has been too widely covered by press and TV to require a full-blown recounting. Briefly, I accompanied, as an interpreter and field expert, an ABC TV crew led by Nightline's legendary anchor man, Ted Koppel, to cover the landing of the American marines. Five days later the General ordered me out of town under threat of death. Why he declared war on me remains something of a puzzle to this day, for up to that point I was thoroughly of goodwill towards him and in fact was rooting for him. I was seduced by his dash, pluck and portly flamboyance, his impeccable suits and flashy teeth, even his cold, reptilian eyes. Having no understanding of his motive for ejecting me, I can only resort to conjecturing: did he conceive that I was part of another Machiavellian Daarod plot to snatch power from his grasp? Did he, unable to appreciate the separation of press and government, believe that I was the advance man for another American scheme designed to foist a U.S.-favored Somali clique on power? Whatever his motivation, instead of attempting to coopt me as a service intellectual(and I might have obliged), he chose to create a state of war. But war can be fought on different fronts, and my front lay in the direction of information-processing. Upon return to the U.S., I at once commenced to launch a sprinted, sustained denunciatory campaign against him, blasting him, in reasoned terms I hope, in virtually every major American newspaper and magazine as well as on the principal TV networks. I also went frequently to Washington to speak at State Department policy briefings on Somalia and to lobby key congressional committees where I did my best to paint an unflattering picture of him. To suggest that the result was electrifying would be to draw attention to my own inflated ego. But if Thomas Jefferson was right in opining that the 'pen is mightier than the sword" in a literate society, I believe I am entitled to claim a small part in the turning of American public opinion against him.
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| | Unrecorded Date AFRICA'S PROBLEM CHILD(SOMALIA) PART # 6 THE MAJEERTEEN EMBARRASSMENT A poet is by definition a prophet, too. More to point the gabayaa, or singer of verse, is in Somali tradition believed to possess a figurative third eye, the prophetic eye that avails him of the powers of clairvoyance. Consequently, we thought we were on to something when the late Khaliif Sheikh Mohamuud, indisputably the greatest Somali poet in the 1970s decade, prophesied in his remarkable Hurgumo, or Festering Wound, these noble lines: 1. Hadalka hayga moodina inuan mearawaa nahaye. 2. Sidaan maunta nahayyaan la van laga mil roonaaye,. 3. Mar un bannnu mowjada xirmiyo manyad soo kicine,. 4. Nabsigaas mugdiga gadahayaan mar un helaynaaye,. 5. Caraurahaun marynadahaya iyo dumarkan mowleyey,. 6. Mar un baa marwada Maxamad qabo no-tan mataalkoode,. 7. Mar un baa mid lagu meelmariyo maahir nookicine,. 8. Mar un baa rag wada miigan iyo miidi soo bixine,. 9. Mar un baa malkada Caubud-waaq miigu soo dagine. 1. Let no man presume that I sing out of despair on account of the devastation visited upon my Majeerteen kin 2. Let no man say, because of our sorrowful state today, that we Majeerteen have been trounced for good,. 3. The day will come when we shall surge forth like a thunderous hurricane 4. The nocturnal visitor of fortune shall yet smile upon us 5. The weeping children and widowed matrons, whose husbands have been wantonly slaughtered, 6. The time will come when Mohamad's wife will likewise be deprived, 7. The time will come when a great hero shall arise amongst us and shall redeem us, 8. Then there will sally forth men of honor and valor for our salvation, 9. Then the Mig fighters will descend on the Mareehaan village of Caabud-waaq Some exegesis of a couple of lines in the extract which is of interest for this discussion: the poem which, like many a good poem is about a great many things, was composed as a weeping jeremiad over the sustained harrying and persecution of the Mmajeerteen during Mohammed Siad Barre's military dictatorship, especially after the Majeerteen-inspiredfai1ed-coup attempt (April, 1978) against Barre. He is the Mohammed referred to in line 6, whose wife is promised a terrible fate for Barre's brutalization of the Majeerteen. Despite the then inhuman cruelties visited upon the Majeerteen for resisting Mr. Barre's tyranny, the poet envisions a time "when a great hero shall arise "amongst us" to "save us." Then the jubilee(time of peace and prosperity) itself will be ushered in when "men of honor and valor shall come forward to bring our salvation." In short, the poet envisions a coming millennium under a MMajeerteen guidance. Who are the "us" in the poem that are promised salvation from the ashes of present hardship to a redeeming future? Clearly, at the immediate level, the poet prophesies salvation for his kinsmen, the Majeerteen clan. But at a more poetically profound level, the "us" refers to the entire body politic of the Somali nation laid waste by oppression but now to be redeemed, presumably under MMajeerteen tutelage. It is now 20 years since the poet prophesied salvation for Somalia under MMajeerteen midwifery: Siad Barre's dictatorship has vanished; Barre himself has given up the ghost in an ignominious exile among Nigerian Hausa; Somalia has sunk into civil war and misery, and there is no sign of the MMajeerteen either saving themselves or their nation. Khaliif would no doubt be turning in his grave with bitterness and embarrassed disappointment! But why, among all the "devil's concoction of clans" that make up the Somali polity, should the MMajeerteen be selectively targeted for blame and name-calling in the general collapse of the land? Principally for two reasons. First, the MMajeerteen, of all Somali clans, have a history of government with a ruling elite, structured bureaucracy and economic stratification along with the skills of statecraft. In pre-colonial times the only states worthy of the name in the Somali peninsula had been the MMajeerteen Sultanate of Boqor, or king, 'Ismaan Mohamuud in the Baargaal-Boossaasso region on the extreme eastem coast and the kingdom of Obbia (Hobyo) belonging to 'Ismaan's nephew, the dour Yuusuf Ali Keenadiid. These were both highly centralized states with all the organs and accoutrements of an integrated modem state-a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a functioning bureaucracy, a flag, an army and a not insignificant network of foreign relations with embassies abroad. Nowhere else in Somalia did anything even remotely comparable ever arise, except perhaps the Ujuuraan on the Shabeelle valley and Adal on the northwestern coast, both states having reached the apogee of power in the sixteenth century. In modern times the MMajeerteen stand alone, absolutely alone, in having created a centralized state. This means that the MMajeerteen clan in general, and the MMajeerteen elite in particular, have a seasoned, unique experience in the nature and processes of statecraft that no other Somali group possesses. Second, when independence came in 1960 the MMajeerteen, owing to their superior skill in governance, merchant capital, education and urban experience, easily began to dominate power and privilege in the new state. As a result, in the eight plus years between independence and Barre's coup in October, 1969, the MMajeerteen towered supremely over all other clans in dominating the national life. MMajeerteen merchants grew rich (by Somali standards) and prosperous while MMajeerteen politicians acquired a commanding mastery over the reins of political power. (Here a caveat: MMajeerteen ascendancy stemmed more from political astuteness than from coercion, managing as they did to forge alliances alternately with the elite of the HHawiye, Issaaqq and Rahanwayn, thus ensuring their preponderance during civilian administrations). Over-enthused with an understandable sense of self-importance, the MMajeerteen began to become intoxicated (in Somali, "waa qooqeen") with their success, flaunting their power and prestige openly, perhaps too openly, to the anguished envy and hatred of other clans. Thus did the MMajeerteen coin a new proverb, boasting of their numerical superiority over all other clans: "Intii madax macaw iyo MMajeerteen baa siman"; thus did Yaasiin Nunr Hasan Bidde, the new aristocratic minister of the Interior during Abdirashiid's presidency, brag: "I have just turned thirty three years, and I have managed to stash away thirty-three million shillings"-then equivalent to $5.5m. Presumably Yaasiin boasted so in order to rub it in the face of rival clans, and the lean and hungry among the latter no doubt responded with a mouth-watering envy. The political process was so fatally abused beyond redemption during the MMajeerteen-Issaaq alliance of president Abdirashiid Ali Sharmaarke and premier Mohammed H. I. Igaal. The personally honest but low-of-IQ Abdirashiid and the high-of-IQ but personally *irredeemably venal Igaal between them, presided over the most corrupt and predatory administration in the annals, up to then, of A African governments. (Nigeria, it appears now, holds the dubious distinction of topping the list of the most corrupt nations in the world). It was during Abdirashiid's and Igaal's administration that the mass of Somalis became irrevocably alienated from the political system. In particular, the election of 1969 that enshrined Abdirashiid and Igaal in power was so outrageously and blatantly rigged that it thoroughly degraded the Somali body politic, inspiring a deep sense of betrayal in the public. Consequently, when Barre seized power in October 1969, the coup was welcomed with widespread jubilation and thanksgiving with masses of people wildly dancing and celebrating joyously in the streets. In the event, this was to be short-lived, but for the time being few Somalis, other than their cronies, shed a tear for the fall of premier Igeal and president Rashiid, the latter being assassinated a week or so before the coup, thus being spared the ignominy of a long-term jail, as Igaal was to suffer. In fact it could be argued, convincingly in my view, that the outrages and venality of the administration of Abdirashud and Igaal did much to pave the way for Siad Barre's coup. If they fared better than any other clan during the civilian administrations, fairness would require to point out that the MMajeerteen, especially the 'Umar Mohamuud sub-lineage, suffered far more inhuman cruelties than any other ethnicity except perhaps the Issaaqq. And if the ancient Greeks believed that excessive arrogance leads to destruction, they also believed in the possibility of redemption under suffering, specially that pain and suffering lead to wisdom, and therefore possess a therapeutic quality. It was reasonable to expect therefore that the combination of experience in governing, erstwhile preeminence and subsequent debasement under Barre's persecution should have produced wise political leadership from amongst the MMajeerteen after the general collapse--MMajeerteen heroes, as the poet anticipated, ready, able and willing to serve the nation. Alas, it did not. Instead, the world watched the humiliating spectacle of the MMajeerteen falling on one another into internecine bickering and base political squabbling, failing utterly to establish an orderly administration in their corner of the country. And yet, to free ourselves from bias masquerading as political discourse, the MMajeerteen did supremely triumph in preserving the peace and some measure of prosperity in their areas, a great achievement considering the curse of violence and vendetta that seem to prevail in other clan territories. (Here it should be mentioned the Gadabursi have also admirably established security to life and limb in their northwestern side in and around the town of Boorama, though they did have one scary eruption last summer. Even though a significant number of Gadabursi are pastoralists, a large number are sedentary; now a settled culture possesses remarkable advantages over a pastoral one: pastoralism spawns egalitarian anarchy, the principal Somali curse, whereas sedentarization breeds social hierarchy--of ugaases(princes), and 'ulamaa(spiritual leaders), an urban society accustomed to ease and comfort and therefore not too eager to ruin it in violence, a civic culture that inculcates the virtues of neighborliness, deference to others and respect for order and power. The Gadabursi are just about the only Somalis, other than the Benaadiri and certain urbanized sections of the MMajeerteen and Issaaqq, that possess these civil virtues. No wonder therefore that the Gadabursi not only spared themselves the catastrophe that engulfed the rest of Somalia but no starvation--large or small--has ever touched man and beast in Gadabursi country! Should not the Gadabursi take quiet pride from this? They should, and, to personalize it, I do, too. As a Somali observer who prides himself, somewhat self-servingly, in being a detached truth-teller, I say two cheers to the Gadabursi.) Boossaasso, the capital of MMajeerteenia, today remains not only the envy of other clans in peacefulness and tranquility but also the astonished admiration of the international community, a "port in a storm," as the Washington Post gushingly intoned. Surely the MMajeerteen deserve great credit for maintaining the peace in their mountainous patrimony. Their example of peace and relative prosperity has even set the standard for the Internet banter and chitchat amongst Somalis in Europe and north America. Thus when Mohammed Abshir recently stated on the BBC something to the effect that "we in the northeast argue heatedly, but we do not shoot one anther," his words have drawn vigorous exchange among Somali Internet users with some being bitterly envious over Abshir's claim that the MMMajeerteen argue over issues to a solution like civilized men; but do not "shoot" one another as other clans are addicted to doing. In other words, whereas previously clans used to boast of their fighting capacity to inflict violence on others, now the MMajeerteen have set the standard that the only thing worthy of boasting does not lie in one's capacity "to shoot but in one's patience and prudence to talk" in order to solve political problems peacefully! That in itself is no small achievement. Still, if the truism is true, "to whom much is given, much is required of them; Somalia calls on them to play their historic role in reconstruct) the country. To be sure, the MMajeerteen could justly retort: "Easier said than done. How do you propose to bring other clans onboard, clans that find it more profitable to shoot for biliqaysi (looting), like the Hab Gidir, rather than talk?" The answer would be obvious: what the MMajeerteen need to do--and so far have dismally failed to do--is to get their house in order first, by establishing a constitutional provincial administration in their region. Possessing as they do a large pool c political talent and material wherewithal, they ought to have constructed, a well-oiled, efficient administration with modest but respectable state, organs--a provisional head of region, police, school, medical and municipal services, etc. If they had done so successfully for all the world to see, this surely should have aroused the envy of other clans and inspired them into setting up their own mini-states. These mini-states could in turn be joined together into some sort of mutually agreed federal arrangement. There is, however, no sign of their doing this. It appears that, politically, the MMajeerteen are just as fecklessly unimaginative and as crippled by the same Somali sickness that paralyzes other clans: lineage segmentation: the Majeerteen are segmented along three principal sub-lineages--the 'Ismaan Mohamuud, 'Isse Mohamund and 'Umar Mohamuud. Abdullahi Yuusuf, the flamboyant war lord, who bragged lately that the liver newly transplanted into him from an Indian youth has given him a renewed vigor and vitality, is from the 'Umar Mohamuud; Abshir belongs to the 'Isse, while a certain Abdullahi Keang-Congo(the name is colorful enough)--a prince(now king.?) directly descended from Boqor 'Ismaan and very much in the running--hails from the 'Ismaan Mohamuad. The three have been locked up in a cloak-and-dagger power struggle that prevents them from forming a provincial administration. Of the three Abshir is manifestly the most deserving: a deeply religious man of a mystical turn of mind and hence blessed by an unblemished personal integrity (remember then General Abshir, commander of the police force, instead of obliging 'Igaal and 'Abdirashiid to steal the 1969 election, chose--some say unwisely--to retire from government, thereby leaving himself to the tender mercy of wolves, most especially to the untender mercy of the jackal that went by the name of Mohammed Siad Barre. Remember also when the DDaarood counterattacked in Kisimayo in 1992, capturing a large number of •••••• militia, it was Abshir who, at great danger to his person, stood between them and DDaarood militias anxious to offer a pay-back-time to the captives for the horrors they had earlier suffered at their hands. It was Abshir who flew them out of Kisimayo to safety in Kenya and Mogadishu). Patriotic to a fault, genuinely interested in the welfare of the Somali people and with a great international name recognition, Abshir must be the logical choice to lead the northeast. But these qualities, which would have been a great asset for leadership in a sane people, are in fact a singular liability among demented Somalis. Most MMajeerteen, and most DDaarood for that matter, obsessively fear that if they entrust their interest and welfare to Abshir, he might, in his eagerness for the nation, give away too much to other clans, and hence endanger their future. Once bitten, twice shy, so many DDaarood feel. Instead, a large number of MMajeerteen want Abdullahi for the same reason the Americans wanted Richard Nixon for president during the height of the Viet Nam and Cold War. A prickly British scholar with an earthy humor explained Nixon's overwhelming victory over the pacifist Senator George McGovern in the crucial 1972 election thus: "Granted Nixon is a bastard," quipped the Englishman, "but you need a bastard in dealing with the Russians."' A not insignificant number of DDaarood feel they need a bastard in dealing with the Aydiid types in the south--which bastard Abdullahi Yuusuf is!(Might this remark of mine bring down on me the furious wrath of Mr. Yusuf someday? So often it is that my written words have caused me vexatious trouble. Yet a writer must write his reasoned opinion regardless of consequences, if he deserves the name at all. Actually, the word bastard in this context, far from being an insult, is a term of affectionate endearment I am obliged to explain all this because most Somalis, given their bigoted propensity and sensitivity to imagined slight, to say nothing of their limited grasp of English, are likely to misread Somali meaning into an English idiom.) As a result, vacillation between Abshir, who is the more deserving, and Abdullahi, who is considered a better defender of DDaarood interests in a future negotiation with other clans, has paralyzed the MMajeerteen into political inaction since 1992. In a search for a way to circumvent this deadlock, the MMajeerteen two summers ago invited the internationally respected(but not given the honor due to him at home), former prime minister Mr. Abdirizak H. Hussein, in hopes that the three rivals would step down in favor of him and that Abdirizak's prestige would be enough to stymie political squabbling. Disappointingly, this has not happened. After six months of heroic effort, this tired, penniless and unwell man (who once ran the only Somali administration deserving the name) gave up in disgust returned to lonely exile in cold America His experience proves that when, in the end, it comes to political vision, the MMajeerteen are as bleakly barren of it as other Somali clans blinded by unyielding greed, short-sighted selfishness and the mindless propensity for bililiqaysi, which translates as atavistic criminal looting, which reappears among Somalis every sadex-guura, or third cycle. Given their historic place in Somali history, surely the MMajeerteen could have done better by themselves and by the country Last word to the MMajeerteen where is the miid(penetrating foresight)that the dead poet so soulfully sang about, and so passionately yearned for? Or might this be a case of: "Aw Muuse gabayguu marshaa /meesha soo gelaye!" Every reflective, thoughtful MMajeerteen should appreciate, to their challenge, the evocative allusions, indeed the powerful literary-historical land mines that lie hidden beneath the surface of that solitary versicle"
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| | Monday, July 31, 2000 - 04:51 am "A case can be made that Aydiid was the right man to take over turbulent Somalia at that critical juncture of Siad Barre's fall. Here is the bill of particulars that constitutes Aydiid's case: first, he resisted Barre's dictatorship; whether his resistance was motivated by personal frustration for failing to receive his fair share of the loot of the Somali treasury, as some claim, is beside the point. The fact is that he opposed Mr. Barre, a most dangerous undertaking and was consequently flung in prison where he languished for more than four years along with other fallen officers. The strictures of solitary confinement must have proved too much for the formerly roving nomad, for all accounts say that the incarceration traumatized the general, driving him to bouts of dementia and hysteria by turns. In one deranged outburst, he was seen nibbling on a bar of washing soap like a delicious piece of cake." "Somali heads needed bending if the anarchy and bloodbath that ensued were to be avoided. If Aydiid seized power, he'd probably have imposed a brutal regime that would have made Siad Barre's look like a sunny outing, but it is a proven law of human society that tyranny with stability is infinitely superior to liberty with anarchy. Nothing grows in anarchy, least of all a nation's soul. Fourth, Aydiid fought and sacrificed for the pursuit of power more than the rest of the lot put together. His passion was power and nothing else mattered to him, for in his personal conduct and private life, he was the most temperate of Somalis. While those others who could afford vice lapsed into sickening heights of debauchery, he neither smoked, nor drank, nor drugged; he did not even chew khat, an incredible abstention for an urban Somali of means. His only pleasure vice was women, and in this he exhibited a marked bias for Majeerteen women, whatever Freud would have made of this."
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| | Monday, July 31, 2000 - 04:55 am Unquestionably, the man suffered badly. It may be objected that he suffered all right, but he did so for greed and ambition, the twin curses of nearly all so called Somali "big men" and that his conspiracies caused him to run foul of his old patron saint, Siad Barre, who, no longer being able to abide Aydiid's incessant plotting, finally had had enough and proceeded to consign him to the tender environs of confinement. To fault Aydiid thus is to indulge in selective judgement. What Somali leader-type was ever punished for purely altruistic interest in behalf of Somalia, except perhaps that mild mannered mystic, General Mohammed Abshir? Second, Aydiid roughed up the DDaarood, a most salutary under arcing. After years of dominating the political scene, the DDaarood had grown arrogant and it was time to put the fear of God into them.
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| | Monday, July 31, 2000 - 05:00 am What heights of lust for power and gain must consume their souls? Then I understood why Somalia collapsed. This is a nation of greed and ambition gone mad.
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| | Monday, July 31, 2000 - 05:03 am Memory seduces the mind, naively believing as it does in the notion of the good old days, when in fact there never have been any such. Still, remembering Somalis(of whom there may not be many) surely must lament the loss of their nationhood along with their dignity and, consequently, their becoming the laughingstock of the world; for statelessness and anarchy have become the synonym of the word Somali. Although the modern outlook ranks statelessness the most primitive state of human existence, who, one could reasonably ask, says a human community must exist in a state in order to have happiness and dignity? Still, the urge to belong to a national community, to have a state, a flag, a passport and a comer of the earth remains a universal longing, and those who lack these are invariably the object of universal scom. Thus it may be that the yearning for respect and for collective self-esteem must prompt members of the Somali elite to remember the past, the idyllic yesterday when theirs was counted a nation among the community of nations.
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| | Monday, July 31, 2000 - 05:06 am Thus did Siad Barre used to boast: "When I am finally forced to relinquish power, there will be no nation left to govern." In other words, he had decided long beforehand that when the time of his final removal came, he would ensure the ruin of it all. How truly and perfectly he lived up to his word! Thus did General Mohammed F. Aydiid add a new proverb to Somali lore: "Cadyohow ama ku cunay ama ku ciideeyey," "O, thou beautiful cut of meat (meaning the national state), either I will eat you all by myself or I will ensure to soil you in the dirt so that no other can have you." He died trying to eat it all alone.
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| | Tuesday, August 01, 2000 - 04:48 pm AFRICA.
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