     Anonymous | Thursday, November 09, 2000 - 05:53 am
Somaliland State 40 years anniversary
By Abdi Abdillahi Hassan,
Holland, 03 November 2000
Prehistory and introduction
In 17-02-1960 general election was held in Somaliland. The SNL, NUF and USP were the only major political parties. SNL has won the election. The SNL and USP formed a coalition and send a delegation to England to discuss the independence of Somaliland. The delegation lead by current Somaliland president Mohamed H. Ibrahim Egal. The Somaliland delegation and British authority met in 02 May 1960. The meeting was closed in 12-05-1960 and the British authority has agreed to give Somaliland a full independence.
Somaliland got their independence from British government in 26 June 1960 Somaliland recognised as an independent state by international community. Somaliland was an independence state in sex days. Somaliland was a British protectorate for 86 years.
The Southern Somali People are responsible dividing Somalia unity
The history tells the thruth, the idea of great Somalia was British policy after the second world war. Great Britain took in 1943 over the Italian administration in South Somalia. British government attempted to create great Somalia including NFD, Djibouti, British Somaliland, and South Somalia. But the southern Somalis rejected it, they want that Italy should be back. The Southern has divided Somalia and denied greater Somalia They choose in 1949 to become trusteeship under the Italian authority. British government became angry about that issue and gave reserve Area to Ethiopia, and later NFD under Kenyian Government.
British government lobbied to get support from Somaliland people and its political leaders. Many leaders were supporting the British purpose for greater Somalia. You can get that if you see the political agenda of the Somaliland parties after whom most of them established after the second world war between 1945-1960.
The question is:
1. Who want the unity of great Somalia? Somalilanders
Who divided the unity of greater Somalia and caused to make the Somalian dream untrue? The People from South Somalia, Ogaden people, and Djibouti.
Who are the victims? Somaliland and NFD people, NFD people choose in their referendum to join Greater Somalia before their independence in 1963, but their vote was not accounted and their voice or aim was not listened to.
The greater Somali authority had not taken any major action, to help those people. The result of Somaliland joined to Somalia we have enough experience. It lead one of the most worst genocide in the African history. There was no unification but Somaliland was occupied by South Somalia more than 30 years. If you need more information see Somaliland and Somalia: The unlawful merger of two states
I think it is now the time to forget the greater Somalia, seeking support and recognition from the neighbouring countries, international community and United nations to achieve our goal.
The independence of Somaliland in 1960 was mistake
Somaliland united with South Somalia 1 July 1960 and they formed (Somali Republic). Somaliland was united with South Somalia unconditionally. South Somalia had 10 years experience for governing internally, because they have autonomy under the Italian trusteeship.
Many Somalilanders intellectuals thought British government had not given Somalilanders the right thing for the right time for the independence in relating that people had not enough experience how to govern themselves. Most of higher educated people and intellectuals who were in NUF political party are against the independence at that time. Their argument was the Somaliland people are not ripe to govern themselves. They wanted that United kingdom should give them an autonomy “ self rules” a 10 years period. the people will than get enough experience to learn how they govern themselves. That is why inexperienced Somaliland politicians decided to unite with South Somalia with out consulting with their civilians. They united with South Somalia regardless with out the interest of their own people.
British government did not involve in Somalia policy from the day of the independence 26 June 1960, while the Italian had played a major rol as new colonisation. the Somalilanders where not also welcome by the Italians because they did not speak Italian language and they follow a British system.
South Somalia regarded Somaliland politicians as threat because they where mostly higher educated than Southern politicians. Somaliland politicians united South Somalia with out consulting the civilians. The Somaliland people became quickly discriminated by South Somalia. They lost their rights, they seemed and was handled as second range civilians. The constitution which defined the unity of Somali republic was overwhelmingly rejected by the Somaliland people in 1961. The constitution of Great Somalia has never being signed by the representatives of both nations. Most of Somaliland people believed there was no legal unity, They were occupied illegally and injusticely for more than 30 years by South Somalia.
The Southern people regarded the Somalilanders as enemies, because Southern people were supported by the Italians during the second war, while Somalilanders were supported by Great Britain and other allies.
The South Somalia government did not supported formed British Somaliland, during this 30 years occupation, they did not build any public building or infrastructure exempt the only road from Mogadishu to Burao( main road connected South and North regions). They build that road for their own interest (access to the country). The Somalilanders became neglected and under pressed by the south Somalia did not build any hospitals, schools or colleges. Even they did not receive any development aid from the rich countries. All international aid were located to South Somalia.
In December 1961 Somaliland people tried unblooded coupe. But unfortunately the coupe was in failure, Somaliland became dominated by South Somalia. Even though the coupe leaders were released from Jail, because the former Somalia authority could not charge them in any case in connection what they have doen. Because there was no legal unity for the two states. Somaliland citizens had rejected the referendum of unity with absolute majority in the late 1961. there was no proof and official document of reunification of the two nations.
The Barre coupe in October 1969
The situation has been deteriorated when the military made a coupe on 1969. The ex dictator president Mohamed Siyad Barre became the only power. He declared himself as a president.
It seemed the Somaliland people threated his post. Because they are mostly wealthy and educated people. Besides they where under British colony. The president was pro Italian.
Somaliland people were against the dictator and founded a liberation movement so called the Somali National Movement in April 1981 to liberate their people and their soul.
The dictators government who was ruling the whole country reacted very cruelly he made an order to kill and illuminate all civilians in northern part of Somalia. He arrested the Somaliland politicians and he ordered to rape the women and to loot their properties.
In 1988 there was a big battle between the government and SNM soldiers. The SNM took the power in the most northern regions ( in Somaliland) over the Barre regime.
The government made revenge over the civilians. They killed the innocent people, they destroyed their homes, they took all their properties. More than halve million people fled and crossed the border to the neighbouring countries, the rest where refugees in their regions. Nearly 100,000 people where killed, while thousands of others has been injured most of them innocent civilians including women , children, elderly people, disabled, psychiatric patients.
These people did not got unfortunately any assistant from internationale community. North Somalia was also closed from the rest of the world. The ex- dictators government did not allow the northern region any international media or foreign journalists.
Somaliland wanted always to reclaim their sovereignty, but did not get a chance to determine its self independence before January 1991, when Siyad Barre lost the power. Somali National Movement has worked very hard first to settle a peace to insure the security and stability of the country, they contacted the clans through elders , Sultans, intellectuals, clan leaders and spiritual leaders. The Somaliland society who was divided by dictators government were united again. He used the clans us means to stay in power. He used the old colonial tactics ( divide and rule). SNM had succeeded to bring the clans together to determine them selves as independent state.
Somaliland reclaimed its self as independent State:
On Buroa Conference on 18 may 1991,they decided unanimously to reclaim their sovereignty from South Somalia whom unwillingly dominated Somaliland for 30 years. The people celebrated again they got their independence from their neighboured country “Somalia”. The people of Somaliland started to rebuild their country from zero. Every thing was destroyed during the civil war. The Somaliland community did their best in order to rebuild their country in every way with out any assistances from abroad. Even the international community set them under press to reunite with South Somalia against willing of the peoples self. Even though Somaliland did not get any aid from international community before 1993 when the Unated nations made intervention in South Somalia the so called operation restore hope. The reason is clear because the international community put pressure on Somaliland in order to reunite with South Somalia.
The current situation in Somaliland
The Somalilanders are hard workers, they have got democratic elected government, which full fil all de required sovereignty of State. They have their own flag, own currency, the upper house, the parliament, the cabinet, the independence justice system. All the government departments are functioning well .There is also freedom of speech and other democratisation processes.
They did their best in order to rebuild again their country, but there are limitations and shortages. They are also feeling neglected and isolated from international communities because of their political views.
It is the first time in history that Somaliland territory has their own universities. The first one university is situated in Borame and second university is in the Capital city of Hargeisa. Somaliland government has rebuild also most of Schools in the big cities, they want to rebuild also the other schools in the rural areas. The children can get a lesson in their own regions. Some of the teachers are volunteers. Some children get the lesson in out side their regions because some schools are not still rebuild. Most of Somaliland society are living in the country side, therefor there are few schools 70% of Somaliland children in the rural areas did not go to the school. The Somaliland government and citizens have no enough finance to maintain the schools and provide education to country side. The health care is also only available in the big cities.
They rebuild also the hospitals, Air ports, the Sea ports in the big cities. The people are working hard to recover their necessities with many lackings.
There is many local relief workers mostly women initiatives, who tried to rebuild their land with their ability, capacities and properties. The women and the children are mostly victims of civil war. They want to prevent war . They are seeking possible solutions for conflicts.
If we ask who are the victims of isolation and ignored from the international community of Somaliland, the answer is the civilians specially women and the children. I think it is not the right solution through out Somaliland government to build the new one in South Somalia. I don’t understand why the International community want to rebuild South Somalia, while they ignored Somaliland as a independent State. Did they have a kind of favouritism or they have interest only in South Somalia?
The Somali peace conference in Djibouti
The peace conference in Djibouti is a threat not only to Somaliland but to the whole region including Djibouti its self, because the great Somali constitution did not recognise the borders of neighbouring countries like Ethiopia and Kenya. Somaliland society could provide the right information to the neighbouring countries about that stay off Somaliland as an independent state is also their intresse specially Kenya and Ethiopia to obtain them beter understanding , supporting , solidarity and even recognition. We know Ogaden People choose themselves in 1948 to be a part of Abbasinia administration, they avoided to join with British Somaliland protectorate in the tribalism reasons.
The Somali government accept also in 1967 NFD will be under the Kenyan administration, they can’ t reclaim again.
In 1977 the Somali government has attacked Ethiopia to liberate the Ogadenia, there were many casualties in both sides. But Mohamed Siad has agreed to recognise Ogadenia to be part of Ethiopia to defeat SNM struggle.
This Djibouti conference was similar like the former Djibouti peace conference in 1991. Djibouti had elected a government and nominated Ali Mahdi as a president of Somalia. This conference lead a major blooded conflict and famine in Southern Somalia. Djibouti is the father of the current conflict. Djibouti authority has established new government in so called Arta conference once again to revival the blooded civil war and destabilisation of the region.
The most delegates who attended in the Djibouti conference are the politicians formed by dictatorial government of Mohamed Siad Barre who caused the ethic cleansing and civil war in Somalia. The result of Arta Conference was elected transitional government in late august 2000. Most of the so called parliament members where ones who committed treble crimes in Somalia. The new so called president of Southern Somalia was one of the worst criminals in the civil war in Somalia, he was last interior minister and deputy prime minister in late 1980s when the former British Somaliland protectorate was completely destroyed by the South Somalia . The new so called elected government in Arta wants to get the opportunity to do their bad job again. Many Somali war criminals who were attending in the conference including Ali Samatar, Mohamed Hashi Gaani, Mohamed Saeed Morgen Mohamed Siikh, Mohamed Omer Jees, Hassan Abshir and so on. They are all responsible for the civil war and anarchy in the whole Somalia, they committed also one of the worst crimes in records in the history against humanity.
The forming of a new Greater Somalia government, will be threat tothe destabilisation of the horn of Africa countries. Because the Great Somalia constitution does not recognise the borders with the neighbouring countries among them Ethiopia and Kenya. Somalia claims East Ethiopian region ( so called ogadenia or Kilkilka 5naad in Ethiopia). Somalia claims also northern region of Kenya( so called NFD). The Greater Somali constitution does not recognise also Djibouti government and Somaliland republic. The formed Greater Somalia has attacked the neighbouring countries twice to regain their disputed land in 1964 and 1977 against Ethiopia.
The great Somali authority attempted also to attack Kenya when they got their independence in 1963. Great Somalia supported also the Somali-Kenyan rebels which struggled and made guerrilla war against Kenya to rejoin Greater Somalia between 1963-1967.
Somaliland community in Diaspora concerning over the peace and stability of the region, if the international community do recognise the so called great Somalia government which was elected in Arta could have a serious consequences in peace, security and stability in the region and the international community will be regrettable later.
The Somali community and political leaders inside the country are also concerned over the issue and they expressed their worries about the new Somalia administration and surrounded circumstances. The most participants in the Djibouti conference were the Somali community in the Diaspora they did not represent any political party or clan. Besides Somaliland society regards the new government as collecting the war criminals to get immunity for the crimes they have done in the past. The Somaliland society in the Diaspora concerning also So called new president warned in the Al-ahram newspaper in interview that he will not hesitate to use a force to destroy Somaliland authority in order to force to rejoin Greater Somalia.
Somaliland society in Diaspora are concerning over the So called new Somali government which was fabricated and established by Djibouti government which is a foreign country. And how can the whole Somali society accept an new government which they did not elect them selves in their own country.
References.-
The Development of the constitution of the Somali Republic, by Dr. Haji N.A. Noor Muhammad M.A: (Madras), LL.k (Yale): J.S.D. ( Yale
Somaliland-1991, report and reference by John Dryasdale, Global-states ltd, suite 10, 98 Goldstone villas, Hove BN3 3RU UK.
Somaliland Forum press, Ref. SF/EC004-1999, Date. September 27th, 1999, Somaliland Forum web site.
Somaliland, Mark Bradbury, Ciir country report, Londen, 1997.
Somalia: A nation in turmoil, Minority Rights Group International report, by Dr. Said S. Samatar, London 1995
A pastoral democracy A study of pastoralism and politics among the northern Somali of horn of Afrika, New introduction by Said Samatar/ I.M. Lewis.-Hamburg:LiT, 1999 ( Classics in African anthropology).
The case for the independent statehood of Somaliland , Anthony J. Carroll/ B. Rajagopal. Copyright 1993, American University Journal of International Law & Politics, Vol. 8:653, 1993. Reprinted by permission, Somaliland forum web site.
SNM Executive Committee Memorandum, Somaliland: On The Restoration of Its Sovereignty And Independence, Hassan Essa Jama ,SNM Acting Chairman, Somaliland forum web site
9. Somaliland and Somalia: The unlawful merger of two states, Abdi Hassan, Somalilandnet web sites
Best wishes,
Abdi Abdillahi Hassan, Holland |
| Cawed. | Friday, November 10, 2000 - 10:09 am
Xasanaw anigu xaqiiqdii S/land imay cajebin qaabka ay ushaqaynayso ina Cigaal siduu meesha isugu dhejinayo iyo dhacdooyin farabadan oo aanaan meeshan kusoo koobi karin,aad baan uga helay doodaadii iyo ra,yigaagiiba waxaase la yidhi kabo xumaani kabo la,aan bay dhaantaa waxaan ujeedaa reer koonfurta cidii gardarnayd iyo cidii Soomaalinimadaba lumisay waxba isku daalin maayo,waxaanse ogahay anoo weliba ku hadlaya waayo aragnimadaydoo aad ugu wayn koonfurta waayo waxaan noloshayda marka lakala qaybsho intii badnayd ku qaatay koonfurta halkaas oo aan ku koray,waxaan ujeedaa waa dad aan sinaba ogolayn arimaha aan doodayda ku xoojinayana mid walba dood cad oo la taaban karo ayaan jecelahay inaan raacsho.1-Waa dad aad iyo aad uxukun jecel qabiilkay doonaan haka noqdaan reer koonfur,waxa daliil u ah nin reer waqooyi ah inuu talada dalka marnaba usoo dhawaado ma ogola oo waa dad yaguun in la dabo socdo jecel isla markaana aan lahayn aqoontii hogaaminta bulsho ee looga baahnaa,adigu isku soo duuboo waxoodu waa idaba soco taasoo noo ah reer waqooyi ahaan yasmo aakhiru darjo mana aha waxaanu diyaar unahay inaanu aqbalno 2-Waa dad khaaimiin ah oo tuugo badan wadaniyad macnaheedna aan koob loo darin fajiistanimo ay ka dhaxleen dawlada Yurub ugu musuqmaasuqa badan ayay wadankii iyo hantidii ummadda digada kaga dhigeen oo waxa daliil u ah in keenyaankii la yaabay markii hantidii ummadda ay halkaa la tageen 3-Waa dad macaasi badan kana runtii dhaqan duwan marka loo eego Soomaalida dhaqanka wanaagsan ee reer waqooyiga iyo reer Galbeedka,dhalintoodu yacni 17-45 waxaan ••• iyo •••• iyo is galay ahayn caqligoodu maqaado,beri aan lafoole ku jiray ayaan xasuustaa jaamacada dadka ku jira eela odhan karo wax barashay uyimaadeen waxay ahaayeen reer nooradka iyo midhmidh ka yimi galbeedka halka reer koonfuta uu mid kastoo ka midi ku dedaali jiray inuu helo nin ama dhoofay ama dhintay oo reer noorada inuu magaciisii ku xaadiro si uu si yar oo fudud shahaado ku helo.Tani waa fact iyo xaqiiq ay reer koonfureed dhaxal uheleen 4-Waa dad aad iyo aad u karti daran oo dawlad kunool ah yacni aan waxba qabsan karin ilaa dawladi ay caawiso ama ay wax is daba marshaan,waxaan ku xasuusinayaa hadaad jidka dheer ee waqooyiga iyo koonfurta isku xidha martay waxaad arkaysaa ilaa iyo tuulada Tuko raq oo ku dhaw xuduuda waqooyi iyo kloonfur in dadku ay ama berkado ama ceelal iwm ay kartidooda kula yimaadeen,halka marka meeshaa lasoo dhaafo uu ka bilaabmaayo riigag ay dawldii 30kii km uga dhistay ialayn hadii kale way bakhtiyayaane 5-Hadii maalinkaa maanta ah cadaw la isqabtoo soomaali lasoo weeraro aduunkaa ku cidhiidhtoonaya oo maaha niman dhiiran wadaninimo yaqaan ninka wadaniga ah ee reer waqooyi ama reer galbeed waxay u yaqaaniin qaldaan naftii xoor.Adeer dadkani xumaanoo dhan baa u hooyo noqotay duulku waa duul liita,xaqiiqdii garan maayo qodob qudha oon ku qaato 6-Waxay yidhaahdeen dawlad baanu dhisaynaa markaasay kuraastii keligood isku hareer sheen dadkii kalena ubuxiyeen magacyo cusub oon hore loo maqal sida Dir oo uu macneehu ahaa si ay Isaaqa,Gedobiirsiga,gurguraha iyo dadyaw kaloo faro badan uqadiyaan,waxay ubixiyeen dadkay filayeen inay koonfurta kaga badan yihiin ATHERS waa khaa,imiin aan Rabi iyo ragtoona aqoon waxooduna waa aan kaa faaiido uun,marka maaha wax aanu aqbali karno reer waqooyi ahaan ,marka keligood dawlad ha noqdaan ilayn yagaa lumiyay Soomaalinimadiiye.Walaahi inaanaa jeclayn dawlad ka kooban qabiil qudha. |
