James Dhal is going to wet his pants reading this.

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WHEN ARABIA WAS “EASTERN ETHIOPIA” Part I
By Dana Marniche

The Indigenous Populations of Arabia

The following quotes are from 19th and early 20th century Western historians, whom unlike today’s historians, understood the strong connection of the original Arabians with the Ethiopic peoples of Africa.

1869 “The Cush*tes. the first inhabitants of Arabia, arc known in the national traditions by the name of Adites, from their progenitor, who is called Ad, the grandson of Ham.” — The New Larned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922citing F. Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch. 2. published 1869.

1869 - “To the Cush*te race belongs the oldest and purest Arabian blood, and also that great and very ancient civilization whose ruins abound in almost every district of the country. ..The south Arabs represent a residue of hamitic populations which at one time occupied the whole of Arabia. “ John Baldwin from Pre-historic nations or inquiries Concerning Some of the Great peoples and Civilizations of Antiquity. Harpers 1869

1881 “ A third body of the Cush*tes went to the north of the Egypt and founded, on the east of the Delta, the kingdom of the so-called Hyksos , whom tradition designated sometimes as Phoenicians sometimes as Arabians, and in both cases rightly…Lepsius has proved by excellent reasons the Cush*te origins of the Hyksos statues from San (Tanis) now in the museum of Boulaq and has made more than merely probable the immigration of the Cush*tes into the region of the Delta…” p. 402 Heinrich Karl Brugsh in A History of Egypt Under the Pharaohs Derived Entirely from the Monuments, published by John Murray 1881, Vol 2, 2nd edition.

1872 - “Mr. Baldwin draws a marked distinction between the modern Mahomedan Semitic population of Arabia and their great Cush*te, Hamite, or Ethiopian predecessors. The former, he says, ‘are comparatively modern in Arabia,’ they have ‘appropriated the reputation of the old race,’ and have unduly occupied the chief attention of modern scholars.” Traditions Superstitions and Folklore, Charles Hardwick , Manchester A. Ireland and Company, 1872

1891 - …the Cush*te Arabians and the Chaldeans, the founders of the first historic civilization in Babylonia being certainly Hamitic, though early mixed with Semitic tribes, long before Assyrian rule. Charles William Hutson , The Beginnings of Civilization, The Columbian Publishing Co., New York. 1891.

1902 - Modern Arabians are described thusly - “Among ‘these Negroid features which may be counted normal in Arabs are the full,rather everted lips, shortness and width of nose, certain blanks in the bearded areas of the face between the lower lip and chin and on the cheeks; large, luscious,gazelle-like eyes, a dark brown complexion, and a tendency for the hair to grow in ringlets. Often the features of the more Negroid Arabs are derivatives of Dravidian India rather than inheritances of Hamitic Africa. Although the Arab of today is sharply differentiated from the Negro of Africa, yet there must have been a time when both were represented by a single ancestral stock; in no other way can the prevalence of certain Negroid features be accounted for in the natives of Arabia.” by Henry Field Anthropology, Memoirs Field Museum Press Anthropology, Memoirs Arabs of Central Iraq; Their History, Ethnology and Physical C haracters, Anthropology Memoirs Volume 4,

1923 “There is a considerable mass of evidence to show that there was a very close resemblance between the proto-Egyptians and the Arabs before either became intermingled with Armenoid racial elements.” Elliot Smith p. 54 The Ancient Egyptians and the Origins of Civilization, p.61 2007, earliest publication 1923.

1948 - “In Arabia the first inhabitants were probably a dark-skinned, shortish population intermediate, between the African Hamites and the Dravidians of India and forming a single African Asiatic belt with these. From the Handbook of the Territories which form the Theatre of Operations of the Iraq Petroleum Company Limited and its Associated Companies, First Edition, Compiled in the Companies Head office at 214 Oxford Street London 1948.

By the middle of the 20th century, whether due to corresponding the withdrawal of European colonialists from many lands or the establishment foundations of modern Europeans in the Levant and consequent flourishing of Biblical archeology, it appears that many historians became less acquainted or familiar with the early documented history and genealogical traditions of the Arabian peoples. The notion of a race of “black Caucasoids” had already been established in the late 19th century and the idea that developed in the 1st centuries after Christ in Neareastern Muslim and Judaeo-Christian tradition of different colored children of Noah had come to permeate the interpretation of Afro-Asiatic or Arabian genealogy.

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When Arabia was “Eastern Ethiopia” Part 2

The Lost Tribes of Ham, Shem and Japhet: How the Afro-Asiatic Heritage was Nearly Lost

Most in the west are mainly familiar with images of high class and wealthy “Arabs”. African-looking Arabians that are indigenous are often isolated from the metropolises of Arabia where populations are descended from diverse intermixtures of the many types of peoples that have occupied the peninsula of Arabia and the same latitudes of northern Africa. Both locations were well known regions of a flourishing slave trade where both “whites” and “blacks” came in large numbers as mercenaries or slave-soldiers, merchants, and slaves from as far away as Bosnia and Central Asia in the North and Central East Africa in the South. Iranian mercenaries for example after the birth of Christ were entering the Yemen or southern Arabia by the thousands in the pre-Islamic era and controlling many of its major capitals. So began the modification of the appearance of the aboriginal peoples of a land once referred to as Kush and Ethiopia and considered part of the Sudan well into the Midieval era (according to Richmond Palmer author of the Bornu Sahara and Sudan, p. ). So also began the transference of falsification of the Afro-Arabian heritage to which we owe the “racist” deformation of the myths of Ham, Shem and Japhet.

The name of the Charma or Chamar tribe in India refers to leather-workers or tanners working with hides or skin of animals. Those who work with skin or hides, the Chamar are an undercaste and not surprisingly a subject or servile caste.

In certain Indian ritual the yogis did sit on the sacred black deer skin sacred to Siva and Kama(who is none other than Seba or Seva son of Kush son of Cham in the Bible). This symbolizes the yogi’s submission of the flesh or carnal aspects in their nature.

The Seeds of Father Ham:

The word Ham, Kham, Hammon, Ammon or Amun was the name of the hidden Sun from which sprang Ra or the light of the Sun. It is related to the name for the astronomical black hole known as he Bootes Void. The unknown void was called Mammon or Maimun and was also related to the name of the semi-mythical Memnon king of Ethiopia. Darkness or lack of illumination was associated with Mammon the deity of material desires. The word is possibly etymologically related to the term haram meaning sin or forbidden in Arabian tradition, and is definitely the charma in India which was the black skin of a deer or oryx was sacred to the Indians and Kama the lord of physical or carnal desire. In Egypt Amun or Hammon which was named Kham was represented by a ram which symbolizes the heat of fleshly desire and virility. It is the instinctual will as opposed to higher will and illumination or Shem. Thus Kham also has the connotation of heat or hotness.

The traditions of separate origins of man from Ham or Cham, Shem and Japhet emerged because the real meaning and significance behind the story or allegory of Ham and Sham and Japhet had been misunderstood by peoples who adopted early Afro-Arabian religious traditions. Just as skin covers the body of man the soil covers the body of the earth. The word Ham is etymologically related to Hamr or Hamran which in Arabia refers to the agriculturalists or those who care for and cultivate the earth as opposed to the wandering bedouin who are called Simran and are the caretakers of the often subjugated Hamran. Hamran which in the Bible is sometimes translated as Hamdan can also signify a vineyard. Africans spoke in proverbs and saw the natural world in relationship to spirituality. In one of the gospels it is said “I am a true vine and my father is a husbandman.”

Most of the names of Ham’s children and descendants such as Mizraim, Hagar, Kedar, and Sud or Sudan who was sometimes called a son of Canaan (see below) have to with the earth or earthbound elements. Mizrah or Mizraim, (the Ethiopic and Hebrew Mitzraim Metzir or Medir) is the early Eritrean or Ethiopian earth deity who is also called Mitra(male) and Mithra (female) in Indic- Iranian traditions - the mediator between heaven and earth. Hagar or Agar means the ploughable or arable earth or soil. Sawad or Sudan who is sometimes called a son of Kana’an means the cultivable or black earth. Kedar or Khadar was the name of a dark green iron and thus came to signify greeness or blackness or something that was strong “like iron”. Cana’an came to mean lowland, but also was symbolized by the dog or Cana’an lowly and servant of man. According to Salibi and Arabian tradition Canaan was apparently “the lowland” of the Kenaniyya tribe in Arabia, corresponding to the Tehama or Hejaz and the Asir region an area running from south of Mecca towards Yemen.

Circa 1000 A.D. an account of Kan’an b. Ham is found in Akbar al Zaman:
“He was the eldest of Ham’s sons, and the first to corrupt the religion of Noah, peace be upon him….Among the descendants of Sudan, son of Kan’an, are many nations, among them the Ishban, the Zanj, and many peoples that multiplied in the Maghrib, about 70 of them…..” from the French translation of the Akbar al Zaman : L’Abrege des Merveilles published 1898. Ishban in the Genesis of the Bible is a son of Dishon, brother of Dayshan (Banu Jayshan), brother of Hamdan (or Hamran), Ethran and Cheran (Qaran) descendants of Zibeon the Hivite or Canaanite.

Unfortunately, northern and Western peoples who have tried to write themselves into ancient Arab and Judaean genealogy took out much of the metaphysical and spiritual meaning of early Afro-Arabian allegory such as found in Genesis, and as a result left a void of meaningless nonsense about three different colored races that spread across the world. Even the name of Nuah’s ancestor Adam is said to mean “the sounding mud” or earth which links his name to the word Dum of India an early name for gypsies meaning man and sound, or Atum, of the ancient Nile and Tumal of East Africa and India and Tama of Central and West Africa who is the God of the smiths that mold the earth. Tumal was Tubal- Cain meaning the drummer smith. Thus it is not surprising that in African myth, the smith or metallurgist was called “the first drummer.”

Today most people calling themselves Arabs living both within and outside the Arabian peninsula, both fair and dark-skinned, claim descent from either the tribes of Qahtan of southern Arabia or the descendants of Kedar and Ishmael whose mother was Hagar. The term Arab today includes peoples of Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and many places in Africa who speak Arabic. In Arabia and the Near East, as in Africa, these populations now include individuals ranging from black in color to a white with red hair. Between the 7th and 12th centuries many of the indigenous tribes from the Yemen are documented as settling in Syria/Lebanon and Iraq. In Iraq, the “Azd tribe, for instance, with all of its clans in the Fertile Crescent traces its genealogy back to its settlement ancestry in Yaman.” These same groups also moved into and settled in Egypt and North Africa and are ancestral to many north African, Egyptian and Sudanese bedouin.

Both the early Qahtan (thought to be Joktan of the Bible) and the Ishmaelite groups were reputedly or referred to as “black” until the Midieval period of Europe. It is not generally known in the West that Arabia was (as the historian Cheikh Anta Diop suggested) essentially an Ethiopic colony until as late as several hundred years ago and that most of the purer or Afro-Arabian populations today though isolated and unfamiliar to Westerners exist within the peninsula under the same names they were known under in, in Biblical records and texts of the Iranians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Mesopotamian inscriptions and ancient mythology.

Early Arabians depicted themselves in ancient art (late stone, copper and early bronze ages) as mostly dark brown and near black in color. The stone implements or lithics (the Doian culture of Somalia and the horn of Africa and the Kharga Neolithic and neolithic of the Sahara and western deserts of northern Egypt) and the art in many places such as the Rub al Khali of Central Arabia, Oman, Hadramaut, Hejaz and Yemen was stylistically similar and in some cases identical to that used among populations of Africa in the same periods. The rock art of Central Arabia as in the Rub –al Khali in fact depicted tall or elongated pastoralists whom art specialist Emmanuel Anati, (author of Rock Art in Central Arabia, 1968) referred to as “oval headed Negroids”.

This rock art which like the Saharan art portrayed pastoralist peoples of East African and Fulani appearance extended into areas certain regions of the Syrian desert as well. After the late stone age these people were accustomed to portraying themselves carrying copper instruments including swords and in mock ritual battle aside from doing and using many other things common to ancient and modern pastoral nomads in Africa. In the same region or in Central Arabia today (in Yemamah or southern Nejd of Saudi Arabia ) are people who are described as the tallest and blackest Arabians on the peninsula still trading in the feathers of the ostriches so significant in the ancient art.

In reality most dialects classified as Semitic are found in Ethiopia and these have been found to not deviate enough from the so called Cush*tic language group to qualify as a separate linguistic group thus the terms Semitic and Hamitic have fallen into disfavour among modern linguists and other academics and the name AfroAsiatic has come to be used to comprise both language groups. In fact, the original culture of Abraham and early “Semitic” populations are widespread in Africa and even unmodified in some cases. Similarly deities that were venerated by Semitic speaking people of Asia, such as “the Aramaeans” and the Akkadians are still found among Ethiopians and other Africans.

Ancient Indian African Connections:

Among these aspects of the divinity that were venerated since ancient times were Amun or Hammon, Sama, and Yacchus or Jah. The tradition of Cham or Ham and Shem or Sam and Dyaus Pita or Jyapeti (which correspond to the totems of the Ram or oryx, the Lion, and the Horse in the Zodiac) are also part of ancient Hindu writings which say Charma, Sharma and Jyapeti or Dyaus Pita were children of MaNu (Nuah) - also named Satyavarata. Charma got drunk with rice-wine and laughed at his father.

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When Arabia was Eastern Ethiopia (Part 3) - by - Dana Marniche

It should be understood that many of the names of Cushitic speaking tribes today in the horn of Africa – Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia/Eritrea – were also known in early Arabia. In Somalia such clans as the Yahar, Darood, the Mahra or Maheyra of Somalia and the Yemen, Makhar or Makir (Machir), Bin Sama’al or Somali(or Sam’al and El Sama of Yemen), Rahawein (ancient Rahawiyyin or Ru’ayn or Rahawi of Yemen) and smith clans such the Hubir (Heber), Yubir, Sabi, Tumal and Wubar (or Wabar) are mentioned in ancient times and through the early Islamic period as Himyarite and Sabaean tribes in South Arabian inscriptions., They are in fact, found in earlier Mesopotamian inscriptions and later Arabic documents. The phrase as divided as the Sabaeans as Diop mentioned has everything to do with this dispersal.


Other tribes located today both in Arabia and in Africa claiming descent from Himyar and Kahlan, descendants of Qahtan, through Abd Shams Saba or Saba and his sons Himyar and Kahlan are the Afar (Afari or Afariyyah in Arabia), and Danakil or Anagil, (Nakh’l, Nakhawila or An-Nakha al Nakha of Arabia) and many other tribes. Thus, the bulk of the tall Cushitic speakers of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and Puntland are likely derived from African peoples who had settled in ancient times in south Arabia. This settlement very likely began during the Neolithic and/or Copper Age (between 7th and the 3rd millennium B.C. )when elements of the Doian neolithic of Somalia begin to appear in the Rub al Khali and tall, oval-headed “Negroids” as Anati put it, begin to appear in the rock art of the Central Arabian and Syrian Arabian deserts.

Another group of African affiliation appeared in the rock art along the coasts of Arabia, and this population was tied to the smaller or shorter-statured populations that appeared in the deserts of Egypt and Sudan as well as along the Nile in both places in the proto-dynastic period. This group was no doubt related to the Beja or Bega populations and the names of the Beja or Bega or Buga as they were called in earlier writings appear on both sides of the Arabia Sea as well. They include the Beza’a or Bayzan , Beni Amer or Amir, Abdah or Ababdah, Huweitat, Atmaan, Umar’ar, Hada or Hadandowa, Bishari, Erigat, Orteyga, Bediyat,. The Beja of Sudan of modern Eritrea and Egypt are descendants of ancient Afro-Arabian bedouin who had intermixed with later Islamic Arabians coming from Hejaz through Sinai during the hegemonic period of Islam. They in fact have always extended up to Sinai and into the area of Transjordan. They are also traditionally called Matat or Madid which may be related to the ancient Egyptian name for peoples in these same regions – “Madjayu”.

The most recent wave of Arabian origin to enter the region of Sudan and East Africa are the people whose names are still found on both sides of the Nile are the Sudanese Arabs who came after the birth of Muhammed and until the 18th century. They include the Manasse’ir (Mansour), Kababish or Kabsh, Beni Amer, Ja’aliya or Ja’aliin, Bishari’in, Humr, Muzeina, Haweitat, Hamar, Rufa or Ruwafa, Khuzam, Salamat,, Hamid, Gerar, Hamran, Mugharba, Lahawi, Ma’aza. Habbaniyya, Mahass, Rashaida, Djerafin (Terapin), Hawara, Kuwahla, Bayza’a, Rikab, Shaikyia, Dhubaniyya and Mesiria to name just a few. These tribes are in part and in full the descendants of tribes of the Arabian bedouin of North Africa Rabia, Sulaym, Hilal, and Ghatafan who began emigrating from the Hejaz area of northwestern Arabia into Egypt as early as the 9th c. A.D. and continued their immigration as late as a few centuries ago. They had originally conquered Egypt and North Africa and finally moved southward into Sudan, Chad and Eritrea.

The Last Living Descendants of Shem

Early Muslim writers outside of Arabia were often confused on the origin of the true Arabs. They sometimes divided them into Ishmaelites and Qahtanis or northern Arabians and southern ones. But most northern Arabian bedouin had traditions of coming from the Yemen from the kingdom of Himyar or Humayr and Saba who were descendants of Qahtan, while the dark skinned tribes of Qahtan in the Yemen in fact claimed an African origin.

Qahtan is sometimes said to be a child of A’abar or Abir (Biblical Eber or Heber) and otherwise of Asmah who was apparently the Isma’il of later writings. In addition Qahtan (Joktan) son of Abir (Eber) whose brothers were Aram (Aram), Awza or Aus (Uz) had fathered Amalek and A’d (the latter’s name was derived from Adah) are all closely related peoples in Arabian tradition. Amalek in particular ruled from Sana’a in the far southwest corner of Arabia in modern Yemen to Syria at one time. All historical accounts state that the near descendant (great grandson) of Qahtan was Saba (Seba) whose two sons according to most accounts were Himyar (or Humayr) and Kahlan (Nakhete Kalnis of Ethiopian genealogy). These went on to populate the whole of Arabia and to rule a great part of the ancient world under leaders such as Numayr ibn Qassit (Nimrod), the Amelekite rulers Cathim (Heth of the Hittites or Cetimus of Mythology), Anak and Sheshi the Hittite rulers of Canaan, Ak (Og), Kabus, Djurham or Darim (Hadoram) and the Sabaeans or Adite kings of Himyar such as Murath’ad from whom came the name of the Banu Murad (Amurath or Amorites), Akk ( Og the Amorite king of the Rephaim), Al Modad or Al Matat(Almodad), Numan, Ma’afir , and the later Himyarite rulers Awal (Hevila) Dhu’l Karnein and Afrikus who colonized Africa. Incidentally the rulers Anak and Sheshai have been identified as names of the Hyksos rulers Nakhi and Sheshi in Egypt by archeologist David Rohl.

1872A.D. -On the inhabitants of southwest Arabia in Yemen, “The inhabitants of this part of Arabia nearly all belong to the race of Himyar. Their complexion is almost as black as the Abyssinians,” see p. 121 in “Geography of Southern Arabia” by Baron von Maltzan, in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 16, No. 2 , pp. 115-123.

1900 - In this year the sultan of the tribe of Yafa’a described as of “greenish brown” color See Mabel and Theodore Bent Southern Arabia p. 403

1932- Bertram Thomas describes individuals of southern Arabia. Men of the Yafi’i or Yafa’a clans of Ahl Yazid fuzzy haired, greenish–brown and Yahar tribe of the Yafa’a as dark chocolate Anthropological Observations in South Arabia, Bertram Thomas in The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Insdtitute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 62 83-103 Jan-June 1932. On a sultan of the Yafa’ai tribe who claim descent from Himyar ibn Qahtan through the tribe of al Haf. They are likely the Haiappa or Chayafa who figure in Assyrian inscriptions circa 8th c. B.C.. and the Ephah of the Bible.

1927 - “The people of Dhufar are of the Qahtan tribe, the sons of Joktan mentioned in Genesis: they are of Hamitic or African rather than Arab types…” See page 236 in “A Periplus of the Persian Gulf”, Arnold Wilson. The Geographical Journal Vol. 69l, No. 3 March 1927, pp. 235-255. (The Dhufar talked about here are the mountains of Oman.)

1929- Bertram Thomas on the modern remnants of the ancient Qahtan tribes: “…these tribes – with the exception of the Harasis – have a tradition of African origin, the order of their local antiquity being Shahara, Bautahara, Mahra, Qara.” Found in The South Eastern Borderlands of Rub-al Khali, Bertram Thomas vol. 73 (LXXIII) No. 3 March 1929.

1932 – Bertram Thomas also observed individuals from a number of clans in the Yemen a man from a tribe called Mashai’a man is described as “very dark brown” The Shahara are “dark brown” and the Bait Marhum of the Kathiri (Keturah) tribe are similarly described. Found in Anthropological Observations in South Arabia The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 62, (Jan. - Jun., 1932), pp. 83-103 The photos of a Mashai’a man and Shahara (of Sheherazade fame) and Kathiri children, Mahra and Qara can be found in Bertram Thomas books. The Shahara are a clan affiliated with the Mahra. The Mashai’a are those mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions. It has also been written or translated as Maasaai.

2001 - “Mahra is the Arab name for the Bedouin tribes who are different in appearance to other Arabs, having almost beardless faces, fuzzy hair and dark pigmentation – such as the Qarra, Mahra and Harasis… Also on “…the Qarra, Mahra and Harasis with parts of other tribes. The language is derived from the language of the Sabaeans, Minaeans and Himyarites. The Mahra with other Southern Arabian peoples seem aligned to the Hamitic race of north-east Africa… The Mahra are believed to be descended from the Habasha, who colonized Ethiopia in the first millennium BC” p. 250-251, Peoples on the Move by David Phillips, 2001.

Ancient Origins of the Afro-Arabian Qara tribes (also written Qarra, Gara, Kara)

The Qara or Kara claim descent from the Azdites of Kindah kingdom which existed in Central Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The Azd are descendants of Qahtan through Kahlan son of Himyar. They are among those remnants of peoples who claim they came from Africa at a remote period. The dialects of the Qara is related to the pre Arabic dialects of ancient Saba, Himyar and Ethiopia.

1929 - Bertram Thomas describes the Qara or Kara as “the most prosperous tribe of all the Hamitic group, possessing innumerable camels, herds of cattle and the richest frankincense country. They resemble the Bisharin tribe of the Nubian desert. Men of big bone , they have long faces long narrow jaws, noses of a refined shape long curly hair and brown skin.” Quoted on p. 200 in Richmond Palmer’s, The Bornu Sahara ans Sudan 1970 originally published 1936 by John Murray of London. The Qara are actually rather short in stature as well.

2004 On the Qara, “European observers have made much of their physical resemblance to Somalis and Ethiopians, but there is no historical evidence of any connections.” P. 261 J. E. Peterson “Oman’s Diverse Society: Southern Oman”, Middle East Journal Vol. 38, No. 2 Spring 2004.

Claudius Ptolemy mentions the town of “Gerra” in the Geographos (2nd cent CE). Strabo appears to have referred to them as Gerraeans salt traders in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea says they were the Chaldeans pushed from Harran (which was apparently Arabian Hauran) by Nebudchadnezzer. He wrote, “the Gerrhaeans have become the richest of all; and they have a vast equipment of both gold and silver articles, such as couches and tripods and bowls, together with drinking vessels and very costly houses; for doors and wall and ceilings are variegated with ivory and gold and silver set with precious stones.” (Frankincense and Myrrh, A Study of Arabian Incense Trade, Nigel Groom, p. 67).

“The city of Gerrha played a central role in the interchange of commodities of certain regions of the ArabianPeninsula during the reign of the Seleucid King Antioch III (223 - 187 BC) of Syria. Most notable was the frankincense and myrrh of southwestern Arabia in the Yemen and Hadramawt regions. Juba and Pliny refer to the city of Gerrae as Carra as mentioned in his Natural History 1.161-62 an Arabian tribe called Carrae or Carraeans who had the most extensive and fertile agricultural lands in Arabia.

The Qarra or Kara tribe also carry on a salt trade that was one of the hallmarks of the ancient Gerrhaeans or Carrae. Some have tried to relate the name of Carraeans to that of Hagar while others probably more accurately see some correlation with the Korahites of Southwest Arabia who appear to be the Biblical Korah.

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When Arabia was Eastern Ethiopia (Part 4) - by - Dana Marniche

The Afro-Arabian Origins of the Ad, Amalek and Aram, Uz, Saba and Himyar: Ethnohistory of the Mahra/Shahara/Somali populations


“Paradise and Hell were shown to me…Hell was shown to me, and was brought so close that I stepped back for fear that it would touch me. I saw a Humayr woman who was tall and black, being punished on account of a cat that she owned: she had tied it up, not giving it anything to eat or drink, or allowing it to eat of the vermin of the earth…” Account of a woman of the tribe of Himyar or Humayr. Sahee Al Jami 2/298, 2394 a Hadith, al-Jannah wa an-Naar. In The Light of the Qur’aan and Sunnah. Compiled by Al Bukhari 9th century from Bukhara Uzbekistan.

Cheikh Anta Diop had commented that the Joktanides (Qahtan) came down from the North conquering original tribes of Adites basing his belief on modern interpretations of Biblical and Arabian history. Arabian tradition however affirms that the tribes of Ham, Shem and Japhet were actually closely related tribes of African affiliation and origination who were originally settled in southwestern and extending to the region Mecca and Medina.

The modern Mahra extend from Hadramaut to Oman and are found in Somalia. They had clans named Samudayt (Thamud or Samud) and Mashek (Mashek is also called Mash in the Bible) and Riyam or Rigam anciently known from their king Rekem or Arkam, Mahli (Mahli the Korahite?) and Idi. The 13th century traveler Ibn Mudjawir speaks of the Mahra (also called Maheyra, Mahri) living in those days in Oman as “tall and handsome” which can also be said of the Mahra of Somalia.

The 1986 new edition of Encyclopedia of Islam says they were “of brown complexion with black, often curly hair” . The Rigam or Riyam clan of Mahra is suggested to have come from the peoples known as the Rhagmanitae or Raymanitae of Pliny 1st century and other Greek writers who are mentioned as living in Yemen and the Persian Gulf.. (the Rhagmat or Ra’amah of Biblical tradition). See p. 226 of Charles Forster’s the Historical Geography of Arabia, 1844. According to tradition the leader Rekem or Rigam (also written in literature Arqam, Rukayim, or Rukaym) was the son of Aram or otherwise, son of Abir (Heber), Aram’s brother and a son of Ad who led the Mahra south to the Hadramaut and Oman. Sir Richard Burton recounted the tradition that, “the last king of the Amalek, Arkam bin Arkam was slain by an army of the children of Israel sent by Moses to purge Madinah and Mecca of their infidel inhabitants. “

Also, Ibn Mudjawir asserted that the Mahra were the remnant of Ad whom “when God destroyed the greater part of them” went to live in the mountains of Zufar and Sokotra and al Masirah in the Yemen and Oman, a tradition elaborated on by Ibn Khaldun and others. Modern Mahra claim descent from Kuda’a son of Himyar, son of Saba of Yemen. See the Encylopaedia of Islam (Der Islam im Spiegel zeitgenössischer Literatur der islamischen Welt) p. 82 claimed Ibn Ishaq gave the genealogy of Quda’a bin Malik bin Himyar bin Saba bin Yashjub bin Ya’rub (Arab) bin Qahtan(Joktan). (Retso 19 ) The Himyarites and Sabaeans were considered “Adites”.

The Samudayt clan of the Mahra, from which came the Tsamud or Thamud, according to tradition were the 2nd Ad or remnant of the Adites whose power once extended from Sana’a in Yemen to Syria and Egypt, he is variously called the son of Abir (Eber) or Jathiar (otherwise known as Jetur, Jazar or Gezer) or . His land was called Adan or Aden. The Thamud were said to have fought against the Israelite leader Joshua son of Nun near Mecca. These Adites holding the area of Mecca and Medina were also known as Amalik or the Amalekites of Rephidim. It was they who according to both Arabian and Biblical stories met the “Yisra’el” or followers of Moses at a place called Meriba (Exodus 17:7) which was the Sabaean capital of Marib in Yemen).

According to Muslim commentators this king of the Amalekites, dwelt in the lower part of Mekka… El-Harith, son of the Himyarite ruler Modad (Almod’ad), king of the Djurham or Darim tribe (Hadoram son of Shem of Genesis) disputed his control of the sanctuary there. The Hadoram (Adramitae or Dreematae) are mentioned in Greek texts as “Sabaeans”.

Masudi in the 10th century wrote of this king saying, “The king of Syria, es-Someida, son of Hubar, (who is Tsamud or Thamud son of Abir son of Malik marched against Joshua, son of Nun, and after many fights, was killed by the last one, who conquered his kingdom… The circumstances of this are mentioned in the following verses by Awf, son of Saad, the Djorhamite: Haven’t you seen at Elath (Elah) the skin of the Amalekite (Someida), son of Hubar (Abir or Abar), put into shreds when he was attacked by an army of eighty thousand Jews, protected or not by shields? These Amalekite cohorts, who trained meticulously jumped behind him. One hasn’t met them ever since among the mountains of Mekka, and nobody has seen again es-Someida.” See Les Prairies d’Or translation The Prairies of Gold, Chapter 39, Paris 1861.

In Assyrian texts they are the historical Tamudi (circa 8th c B.C. )and in Roman times they are the Saracens called Thamudenioi Equites (equestrian Thamud) who occupied Dumah (modern Duma’at al Jandal in Jordan where they had also came to be called Idumaeans ( Dumah, child of Ishmael). Thamud’s original home however was far to the south as with the rest of the Ismaelites or North Arabian bedouin. These “second Adites” according to some were also those that were ruled by Lokman, son of Ad and who also left Saba at one of the burstings of the Marib dam of Iram or Aram (modern Yarim).

When this dam burst not only did they disperse in Arabia, but they went into Africa. Josephus claimed the people along the Nile as at Meroe were Sabaeans, descendants of Keturah through Jokshan. Jokshan’s descendants include Judadas, Ashurim, and Leummim, He mentions the Yudadas, (Dedan) in Western Ethiopia and the Ashurim (or Surim )of “Libya” (known to the Romans as Asuriani, Astacures, Astrikes and Saturiani a branch of the camel owning Levathes Maures or Tuareg) as the tribe who had harassed, conquered and named Assyria under the leadership of Nimrod were also in Africa. (Asshuran or Chronus as he was called in Greece was a name for the venerated deity also called Saturn. )

Exodus: Movement of Jah Peoples (The Tribes of Aram move from Saba)

For those who find it difficult to imagine how so many of the Biblical peoples ended up in Africa under their ancient names it would be good to look at Kamal Salibi’s The Bible Came from Arabia first published in the 1970s. Salibi was actually able to locate hundreds of names of the towns of ancient Canaan, Israel and Judah cited in the Bible in Arabia explaining why only a handful of Biblical place names have been found in the modern region of Israel-Palestine and why many modern Biblical archeologists have even begun to suspect that King Solomon and David themselves never even existed in the modern Israel.

The book seems to provide more than abundant evidence that the home of the original Jerusalem and followers Moses, the Canaanites and Phoenicians and Judaeans was much further south in Arabia then the early Greek interpreters of Hebraic tradition implied they originated. Even such names as Kush, Kuth and Misra have been by Salibi and others discovered to correlate with the names of ancient tribes and towns in southern and northern Arabia as much as with Africa and Syria, as will be shown. At the time of the flooding of the South Arabian dam of Marib (Meriba of the Bible Exodus 17:7) many of the people dispersed to the north and into Africa. Among them were the followers of a man named Muzaikiyya also called Amr or Amru bin Amir, who was the Biblical Moses. The descendants of these people were the Khazras and Aus or Awza (Biblical Gezer and Uz, children of Aram) who settled in Hejaz in the area of a brook or stream called Kushan or Kishon not long after the time of their leader Amru bin Amir. Their descendants were called the Kushan or Kassan or Kusim in Syrian dialects. They were the Biblical Jokshan who was said to be brother of Midian, whom in Habbakuk are called Kushan.

According to David Goldenberg in, The Curse of Ham, “the prophet Habbakuk parallels Kushan with Midian: The Tents of Kushan…the dwellings of Midian and because scholars have concluded there is some connection between Kushan and Midian: The Kushan are historically known in the works of Ptolemy . The same tribe named by Agatharchides as Cassandreis and by Diodorus the Gasandi. They were located southeast of Mecca and are also called Ghassan. (See Part II for the Midianites or Ishmaelites to come)

The modern Somali (Sama’al), Afar, Danakil and other Cushitic speakers are examples of the peoples known to historians as Ad or A’ad, Amalek, Qahtan, Saba and Himyar kingdoms. Names of their clans Rahawein, Mahra, Darood, Yahar and Hubir give credence to the documents that state the Sabaeans migrated to Africa, many of these Baribari also ended up in North Africa. The comments of early Roman and Greek writers such as Josephus and Strabo become more understandable. They claimed the Ethiopians of Meroe were actually Arabians or Sabaeans and that everything east of the Nile was in fact “Arabia”.

These are the names and people of the ancient tribes of the Sabaeans children of Joktan. According to the book The Yemen in Early Islam, published in 1988 the clans Rahawein (Ru’ayn, Rahawiyyin, Rahawi in early Arabia - Reu) belonged to the Madhhij or Madhhaj. Others clans of the Maddhij were the Murad or Amurath also called Qaran, Rualla or Ruwalla bin Anaeza , Ans or Anaeza bin Wa’il, Nakh’l or An-Nakha, Badi’ah, Ghutayf bin Haritha related to the Ghatafan, Nashirah, Sa’ad al Ashirah, Za’afar, Zubayd or Zabeida, al Amluk or Amalek was a clan of the Rahawiyin, as was the tribe of Qataban (Banu Kita’a), and Yafi’ (Ephah).

Almost all of these clans are listed in the Genesis of the Bible. They are Reu, Amorites, Reuel son of Esau, Esau, Hawila, Anoch, Hatepha, Ashira, Zabid, Amalek and Qahit or Kohath and Ephah . It is not improbable, that Madhhij who are listed with the Ma’adei who are mentioned in Syrian inscriptions of the 3rd century B.C. at Nemara are in fact the Madianites especially since the plural of Maadi was Madan who was called brother of Madian.

The Madhhij or Madhaj were large branch of the Hamdan who in the time of Mohammed were often mentioned in the southern Arabian area. They are also called the Malik bin Udad who descended from Yashjub who descended from Kahlan son of Saba.

Hamdan or Hamran as various versions have it was the son of Dishon brother of Dishan (Banu Jayshan) in Genesis. They are mentioned as descendants of Zibeon, the Hivite or Hivim who are called Canaanites in the Bible.

Hamdan is in fact brother of Cheran (Qaran) and Eshban (Ishban) whom later Muslim manuscripts said were the black descendants of Canaan. According to David Goldenberg, Wah ibn Munabbih in the 7th century, an Iranian descendant born in Arabia (as were many inhabitants of the Yemen of that time) said the Qaran along with the Barbar (Berber early name for Somali and their descendants in the Maghreb), Copts, and Zaghawa (Zaghwe of Abyssinia) were descendants of Cush and Canaan while the Ishban in the book Akhbar al Zaman whose author was thought to be Masudi, 300 years later says Ishban (Banu Sha’ ban of Yemen)was a descendant of Kanaan. Thus Qaran and Ishban along with the 70 tribes that multiplied in the Maghrib (the Berber) are descendants of Canaan. Qaran are also called Murad (Amurath) in various writings. It has been suggested that the name of the Hawiye clan of Somalia is related to the name of the Hivites. Canaan and its cities were evidently located in southwest Arabia before its peoples spread north and colonized Syria.

The Banu Zubyan, (called Dhubyan or Dhubaniyya in Sudan) are a well-known tribe whose descendants live in modern Sudan and Arabia. It is clear that the descendants of Esau, Himyar, Saba, Ad, Amluk, Cush and Canaan are represented by the copper black and dark reddish brown inhabitants of Somalia, northern Sudan, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Eritrea. However, as we shall see in other segments the sons of Shem and Japhet in total are in fact well represented by the inhabitants of the horn of Africa and by Afro-Arabians still in the Arabian peninsula in their lands and places and under their age-old names.

[dawwa9]

It always amazes me why people care about subjects like these, shit was 20000 years ago, get over it.

Modern day Arabians don't look like East Africans nor are Dark Dravidians.

[Voltage]

Is your name James Dahl?

[dawwa9]

Weirdo.

[ire]

It always amazes me why people care about subjects like these, shit was 20000 years ago, get over it.

The more you post, the more I think you're twelve.

[Voltage]

It always amazes me why people care about subjects like these, shit was 20000 years ago, get over it.

The more you post, the more I think you're twelve.

His mental age, but am I sure he is no older. Probably 14-16.

[dawwa9]

The more you post, the more I think you're twelve.

Says the Shemale..

Pretending to be a different sex online, disgusting.

[Somaliman50]

Voltage, so basically Arabs are from Ethiopia?

Nobody has the time to read all that man. Explain that in one sentence please.

[ire]

The more you post, the more I think you're twelve.

Says the Shemale..

Pretending to be a different sex online, disgusting.

Yeah, that reply wasn't completely asinine at all.

[dawwa9]

Yeah, that reply wasn't completely asinine at all.

''Look-at-me-trying-to-out-smart-him''

You are still a disgusting Shemale and we all know you are some Riyoole guy from the States.

[ire]

You are still a disgusting Shemale and we all know you are some Riyoole guy from the States.

Sure, child...sure.

[Aliyah99]

Well everyone Knows the story of HAM and SAM .. this is ancient story lol.. apparently Somalis are SAM (semetic) lol