Reer Ogadenia forgive me

[RuralMan08]

I will write a serious of articles in the Awdal websites and try to rally support for our brothers and sisters in the frontlines of the ONLF. I am truly repentant.

Dangirl, I am truly changed in my perceptions

[Teeri]

I will write a serious of articles in the Awdal websites and try to rally support for our brothers and sisters in the frontlines of the ONLF. I am truly repentant.

Dangirl, I am truly changed in my perceptions

and u could start by never get a haily selesy avatar again. or any other habash.

[ina aadan]

Reerki qadobiirsi la odhanjiray inuu ku biiray onlf baad maqashay miyaa.
Waa sax inaad saaxiga keentay,,,,nin walba oo jawxo diidana mar umbuu xaqiiqda arki.

[Cumar-Labasuul]

^ goormay nimanka dhaga yidhaahda halganka ku biiri, mise xoolahoodi bey ku mashquuleen

[ina aadan]

Niyo nimakaasi halganka way ku jiraan waxayse ku xidhanyihiin ina afdiinle oo islantu qabo ee suhura layidhaado baa xaga maamulada la shaqaysa iyo badankoo oo geelodi ku mashquulsan. lakin waxa kaga badan shacabkooduna halganka u roonyahay beesha habar yoonis.

[Cumar-Labasuul]

OK waan gartay

[RuralMan08]

Reerki qadobiirsi la odhanjiray inuu ku biiray onlf baad maqashay miyaa.
Waa sax inaad saaxiga keentay,,,,nin walba oo jawxo diidana mar umbuu xaqiiqda arki.

I always knew Gadabursi supported the Ogadeni people.

Teere yes I won't make the same mistake, I shall not put that Habr awal man as my avatar ever again

[Faranacab]

You knew your people supported the movement. But how were you indifferent?

[RuralMan08]

^^ We dont want the Ogadeni people to become secceniost minded and hate the Somali people like the Djiboutians and Somalilanders. Plus we dont want one clan dominating the affairs of this region. All clans live toegether, we wish it to be inclusive.

[Teeri]

^^ We dont want the Ogadeni people to become secceniost minded and hate the Somali people like the Djiboutians and Somalilanders. Plus we dont want one clan dominating the affairs of this region. All clans live toegether, we wish it to be inclusive.

[The_Emperior5]

onlf wa in somalida dega gobolka somalida inay wada tageeraan weye sabab waxay u dagalamayan halgan dhab ah Jabhada na la balaadhiya hiil iyo hoo ba la siiyaa si dhulkasi mar uun u xoroobo ,, oo calan xor ah laga taago inshallah.

[Faranacab]

Fresh faces, fresh faces dear. The more it is contributed, the more the movement is inclusive.

For a starter right activist like Ruralman, I would recommend to start from the beginning and later step on ladder of current event in which Riyale Hamud Ahmed, ONLF official, charges Djibouti Govt with handing over Somali people to Ethiopia. It's not just pretty fun and games. People's rights have been denied. Dignity and self determination can be gained back one day Insha'allah, if the bright responsible young generation takes the matter in to it's hand.

Let me share with you what happened back in the days.

In jully 1996, three Members of Parliament were arrested in Dire Dawa, and held in Jigjiga, their names were published in October/November Press Release. In September, Amnesty International named nine others, all members of the ONLF,:-

Ahmed Makahil Hussein, arrested in Jigjiga, 1.9.95, former President of the Region.

Ali Bashe Sheikh Abdi, arrested in Jigjiga, 2.8.96, Member of Regional Assembly.

Riyale Hamud Ahmed, arrested in Jigjiga, 2.8.96, Member of Regional Assembly, previously detained without charge or trial from July 1995 to May 1996

Ibrahim Aden Mahamud "Dolal", arrested in Jigjiga, 10.7.96, since transferred to Addis Ababa,

Member of Regional Assembly

Abdirashid Ahmed Khalif, arrested in Jigjiga, July 1996, former Member of Regional Assembly

Mohamed Sheikh Hassan, arrested in Jigjiga, July 1996, Member of Regional Assembly

Mohamed Sheikh Abdi Ahmed, arrested in Jigjiga, July 1996, Member of Regional Assembly

Hanood Banday, arrested in Jigjiga, July 1996, former Member of Regional Assembly.

Amnesty International feared that they might had be subjected to torture or ill-treatment, as they were mostly held incommunicado and the whereabouts of several of the detainees were not known. There had been reliable reports of torture and extra-judicial executions of suspected ONLF supporters in the region.

From those days till now there is no rights and democracy in the region. I am glad to share with you, and here is the rest of the press release :

IN OGADEN NO RIGHTS, NO DEMOCRACY


1 . INTRODUCTION


Since the current Ethiopian government came to power in 1991,
hundreds of ogadenis, including women, children, elderly
people, politicians and religious scholars, have been killed,
disappeared, tortured or remain under incommunicado detention
without charges or trial.

The Ethiopian colonial administration in the Ogaden treats the
Somali Ogadenis as second class citizens in their own country,
exploits the country for Ethiopian gains, and deprives the
Ogaden people of their fundamental human rights, including
their inalienable right to independence and self-
determination.

Discrimination and segregation against Somali Ogadenis, in
terms of education, health care, employment and economic
development is the corner-stone of the current government's
policy.

Government offices in the Ogaden have been purged of anyone
whose views were judged hostile to the state, and replaced by
Tigreans or those who support the government policies.

Such an overt policy of targeting one group for their
political orientation, and preferring others for their pro-
government views, has obviously caused widespread and deep
resentment throughout the region. A particular target of this
policy appears to be suspected supporters of ONLF or other
opposition parties.

For the last two years, the Ogaden has been hit by a severe
drought accompanied by lack of food and medical care which
caused mass starvation and break-out of epidemics, related to
malnutrition and bad sanitation. In the worst drought-stricken
areas, dozens of people and hundreds of animals starved to
death.

The aid donated by the international community through the
Ethiopian Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (ERRC), have
been misused by the government by diverting the bulk of it to
the military barracks and distributing the rest, which was
very little, to supporters of the government policies, who are
usually informers and collaborators of the Ethiopian troops in
the Ogaden.

Article 54 - Protection of objects indispensable to the
survival of the civilian population - of the protocols
additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 states
that "Starvation of civilians as a method of warfare is
prohibited. It is prohibited to attack, destroy, remove or
render useless objects indispensable to the survival of the
civilian population, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas
for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking
water installations and supplies and irrigation works, for the
specific purpose of denying them for their sustenance value to
the civilian population or to the adverse party, whatever the
motive, whether in oder to starve out civilians, to cause them
to move away, or for any other motives.Ó

In May 1996, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) called on
African States not to cut off water supplies to civilians as a
tactic in their wars.

However, in the fertile valley of the Shabelle river in the
Godey area, the Ethiopian government has prevented the people
from cultivating their farms unless they pay 500 Ethiopian
birr for each farm, which is too much for them to pay. The
peasents were threatened with eviction from their lands if
they do not pay the new tax.

In another development, the EPRDF forces indiscriminately
mined areas which civilians frequent, particularly around
water wells and caravan routes which lead to neighbouring
countries, in order to stop trade movements and strave out the
Ogaden people.

The Ogaden people had suffered from a century of repression,
victimization and exploitation under the successive alien
Ethiopian governments , and there is growing disillusionment
with the current EPRDF government.

There is no doubt that the human rights situation will
continue to deteriorate dramatically in the Ogaden unless the
international community steps in to stop the colonial, inhuman
policies of the Ethiopian government in the Ogaden.

So, as long as the Ogaden people are marginalised and their
inalienable right to independence and self-determination is
denied, the international community will continue to witness
more human rights violations, and more bloodshed, which may
lead to the annihilation of entire Ogadeni nation by the
Ethiopian government.

The Ethiopian government has acceded to several international
human rights instruments, including the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Internationl Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of
the Crime of Apartheid, Convention on the Prevention and the
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Convention on the Right
of the Child, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women, Convention on the Political
Rights of Women, Convention against Torture and other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Slavery
Convention of 1926 as amended, Supplementary Convention on the
Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and
Practices Similar to Slavery...etc

Despite the Ethipian government's ratification of all these
important international human rights treaties, the OHRC, which
monitors the human rights situation in the Ogaden, confirms
the deterioration of the human rights situation in the region,
and believes that the Ethiopian government's accession to the
treaties was intended only to mislead the international
community, in order to avoid international public censure over
its human rights record, and to get more aid from donor
countries, which demand the improvement of human rights
situation in the Third World Countries which receive their
aid.

This is the reality of the Ethiopian government's attitude
towards the human rights situation in the Ogaden, which the
international community should take up a tough line with the
Ethiopian government to persuade it to comply with
International norms of fundamental human rights and civil
liberties, and force it to honour its commitments to
International Treaties to which it had acceded.

The gross human rights violations and non-compliance to the
international human rights treaties, demonstrate the perfidious
and inhuman nature of the current Ethiopian government.

Article 55 - Protection of the natural environment - of the
Protocols aditional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949
states that:
"Care shall be taken in warfare to protect the natural
environment against widespread, long-term and severe damage.
This protection includes a prohibition of the use of methods or
means of warfare which are intended or may be expected to cause
such damage to the natural environment and thereby to prejudice
the health or survival of the population. Attacks against the
natural environment by way of reprisals are prohibited."


However, in the Ogaden, the poor and the fragile ecological
balance has been devastated by widespread exploitation and
depletion of forests for military purposes, firewood and
charcoal by EPRDF/TPLF forces and Tigrean dealers, who have
been given concessions and game-licences by the Ethiopian
government, which dominated by ethnic Tigreans. The rich
wildlife, including big-game, game-birds, forests and water
resources have all suffered irreparable damage in the Ogaden
under the Ethiopian government.

Ironically, the Ethiopian government, which violates the very
basic human rights of all citizens in the empire-state of
Ethiopia, including the Ogadenis, poses itself as a champion of
Democracy and Human Rights in Africa.

It is the international community's duty to censure Ethiopia
over its human rights record, and hold its rulers responsible
for the gross human rights abuses perpetrated in the Ogaden by
their Army and Securiy forces.



2. BACKGROUND


In fact the injustices and human rights abuses inflicted upon
the Ogadenis date back to the Ethiopian occupation of the first
part of the Ogaden a centruy ago.

In 1948, when the British government ceded illegally a great
part of the Ogaden to Ethiopia,the Ethiopian occupation forces
killed in a cold-blood massacre more than one hundred people,
who were protesting peacefully against the hand over of Jigjiga
area to Ethiopia .

In 1955, the last part of the Ogaden, which is Haud and
Reserved Areas, was handed over to Ethiopia by the British
Authorities. At that time peacful demonstrations against the
cession of the land to the Ethiopians were brutally suppressed
by Ethiopian occupation forces.

In 1961, the Ethiopian Imperial Army razed to the ground the
towns of Aisha'a, Dhagahbour and Qalaafo, killing hundreds of
defenceless civilians.

In 1994, when the military junta overthrew Emperor Haile
Selassie's theocratic rule, The new communist military junta
enforced more oppressive policies in the Ogaden. Summary
executions, arbitrary detentions and dispossessing the people
of their properties were commonplace.

In its Amharisation policy, the communist regime of Mengistu
has transferred thousands of Ethiopian settlers into the Ogaden
in an attempt to change the demographic nature of the region,
eliminate the Ogadeni national identity and to transform the
Ogaden into a region of Ethiopia, in which indigenous Ogadenis
will be an insignificant minority.

In 1991, when the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary
Democratic Front(EPRDF), which is dominated by the Tigray
People's Liberation Front(TPLF) came to power, after the defeat
of former government, the EPRDF presented a new charter.
According to the Transitional Charter, which was adopted on 22
July 1991, among other things all democratic principles, human
rights and right to self-determination of all nations in the
empire-state of Ethiopia, should be recognized and fully
respected.

The new Charter was welcomed by the Ogaden people, who suffered
from a century of reppression and exploitation under the
Imperial and Military regimes, which ruled the empire-state of
Ethiopia respectively.

The Ogaden National Liberation Front(ONLF), which was the
vanguard of the Ogaden people's long national struggle against
the Ethiopian occupation, decided unequivocally to be part and
parcel of the new political process in Ehtiopia by ratifiying
the newly drafted Charter, in order to pursue the realization
of the Ogaden people's rights and national aspirations by
peaceful and democratic means.

In 1992, the ONLF accused the EPRDF government of master-
minding the killing of several ONLF officials, including some
members belonging to the Front's Central Committee.

In September 1992, the Ogaden people went to the polls to cast
their votes in a free and fair election, for the first time in
their long history to elect their district councils and
representatives for the regional parliament.

In a landslide victory, the ONLF won about 84% of the seats in
the newly elected regional parliament.

In mid-1993, the regional government accused the central
government in Addis Ababa of flagrant interference in the day
to day affairs of the Ogaden region, an act which contradicts
the commitment to regional autonomy and devolution of power to
the regions.

To put more pressure on the regional government, the EPRDF
central government deprived the Ogaden region of its share of
the central budget and aid from international community to
Ethiopia, as well as obstructing all initiatives and projects
deemed necessary for the development of the region.

In 1993, the Ethiopian security forces arrested the president,
vice-president and secretary of the Regional Assembly, who
were transferred to prison in Addis Ababa. They have been
released after ten months without having been charged or tried.

On 28 January 1994, at a press conference in Addis Ababa, ONLF
called for a referendum on self-determination and independence
for the Ogaden .

On 22 February 1994, a cold-blood massacre took place in the
town of Wardheer, where more than 81 unarmed civilians were
killed by TPLF militias, who tried to kill or capture alive the
chairman of the ONLF Mr. Ibrahim Abdallah Mohamed, who was
addressing at that time a peaceful rally in the centre of the
town.

On 17 April 1994, the EPRDF/TPLF government launched a large
scale military offensive against ONLF positions and detained
many suspected supporters of ONLF.

On 28 April 1994, at a press conference in Addis Ababa, the
then TPLF defence minister Siye Abraha claimed that all
resistance movements in the Ogaden had been destroyed and
stamped out.

In a petition addressed to the president of the Transitional
Government of Ethiopia (TGE), the elders of the Ogaden asked
the Ethiopian government to stop the military offensive against
the Ogaden people, and seek a peaceful dialogue to resolve the
conflict, instead of opting a military solution which
complicates the situation.

In May 1994, the Regional Assembly passed a unanimous
resolution in accordance with the Transitional Charter,
demanding a referendum on self-determination and independence
for the Ogaden people, under the auspices of international and
regional bodies such as United Nations, Organization of African
Unity, European Union, and other independent non-governmental
organizations.

The EPRDF government in Addis Ababa reacted swiftly and
severely by overthrowing and virtually disbanding all
democraticly elected national institutions in the Ogaden,
including the Regional Parliament.

Like their predecessors, the president of the Regional
Parliament, vice-president and several members of the
parliament(MPs), were arrested and transferred to prison in
Addis Ababa. Mass arrests and indiscriminate killings also took
place.

In 1994, the EPRDF government sponsored a new satellite party
called Ethiopian Somali Democratic League(ESDL), which is a
version of People's Democratic Organizations(PDO), which exists
throughout Ethiopia within the EPRDF framework. The first
congress of ESDL was held in Hurso under the patronage of the
then prime minister of TGE Tamirat Layne, who appointed a
member of the ruling EPRDF coalition as a chairman of the new
pro-government party.

On 25 January 1995, the EPRDF government hastily arranged a
meeting in the town of Qabridaharre to convince the ONLF to
participate in the upcoming federal and regional elections. The
meeting which was chaired by the then president Meles
Zemawi(the current prime minister), failed when each side
refused to compromise.

The ONLF, had broken off all contacts with the EPRDF
government, closed down its office in Addis Ababa and boycotted
elections from 1994 to 1995.

Since 20 April 1994, bloody battles are being fought between
EPRDF forces and combatants of the ONLF on the one hand, and
EPRDF forces and combatants of Al-Itihad on the other hand.

Certainly, the ongoing struggle for self-determination and
independence in the Ogaden continues to cause more human
suffering and threatens peace and stability in the Horn of
Africa.

Both the 1991 Charter and the new Constitution, which was
adopted and ratified by the Constituent Assembly on 8 December
1994, guarantee a right to seccession of a people if they are,
"Convinced that their rights are denied, abridged or
abrogated,Ó and this applies to the Ogadeni case.

Article 1 of the International Covenant On Civil and Political
Rights(ICCPR) states that the right to self-determination is
universal and calls upon States to promote the realization of
that right and to respect it. The article provides that:
"All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of
that right they freely determine their political status and
freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their
natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any
obligations arising out of international economic cooperation,
based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international
law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of
subsistence. The States parties to the present Covenant,
including those having responsibility for the administration of
non-self-governing and trust Territories, shall promote the
realization of the right of self-determination, and shall
respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the
Charter of the United Nations.Ó



3.HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE ETHIOPIAN CONSTITUTION

In May 1991, after Mengistu's downfall, a transitional
government dominated by ethnic Tigreans was formed.

Article 1 of the Transitional Charter, which was presented by
the new government, and adopted by the Interim Parliament on 22
July 1991, states that:
"Based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights individual
human rights shall be respected fully, and without any
limitations whatsoever.Ó

On 8 December 1994, the Constituent Assembly adopted and
ratified the new Permanent Ethiopian Constitution.

Article 10(1) of the Ethiopian Constitution states that: "Human
Rights and freedoms are inviolable and inalienable. They are
inherent in the dignity of human beings.

Chapter 3, article 13(2) of the Constitution states that:
"The fundamental rights and liberties contained in this chapter
shall be interpreted in conformity with the Universal
Declaration of Human rights, international human rights
covenants, humanitarian conventions and with the principles of
other relevant international insruments which Ethiopia has
accepted or ratified.Ó It states that "Everyone has the
inviolable and inalienable right to life, liberty and security
of person.Ó(art.14) "No person shall be deprived of his or her
life except for grave crimes defined by law.Ó(art.15) "All
persons have the right to protection from bodily harm.Ó(art.16)
"No one can be deprived of his or her liberty except in
accordance with procedures established by law. No person may be
subject to arbitrary arrest and no person may be detained
without trial or conviction."(art.17) "No person shall be
subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
Trafficking in human beings for whatever purpose is prohibited.
No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory
labour."(art.18(1-3).

In article 19 the Constitution underlines rights of persons
arrested as following:

1. All persons arrested have the right to be informed
promptly, in a language that they understand, the particulars
of the charge and reasons for their arrest.
2. All persons arrested have the right to be informed
promptly, in a language that they understand, that they have
the right to remain silent and to be notified that any
statement they make or evidence they give may be used against
them in court.
3. All persons arrested have the right to appear before a
court of law and to be given a full explanation of the reasons
for their arrest within 48 hours of their arrest excluding the
time reasonably necessary for the journey from the place of
arrest to the court.
4. All persons have the right to petition the court for a
writ of habeas corpus, a right no court can deny, where the
arresting officer or agency fails to bring them before a court
of law and provide the reasons for their arrest; the court may,
where the interest of justice requires, order the arrested
person to remain in custody no longer than the time strictly
required in order to carry out the necessary investigation
aimed at establishing the facts. In determining the time
necessary for investigation, the court shall take in to account
whether the responsible authorities are carrying out the
investigation with deliberate speed in order to guarantee the
arrested person's right to a speedy trial.
5. All persons shall not be compelled to make confessions or
admissions which could be used as evidence against them.
Statements obtained under coercion shall not be admitted as
evidence.


Article 25 of the Ethiopian constitution states that "All
persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to the equal protection of the law. The law
shall guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection
without discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, wealth, birth or other status.Ó

In sub-article (1-3) of article 26, the Ethiopian Constitution
states that "All persons have a right to privacy. This right
shall include the right not to be subjected to searches of
their homes, persons or property, or the seizure of their
personal possessions. All persons have the right to the
inviolability of their letters, post and communication by means
of telephone, telecommunications and electronic devices. Public
officials shall respect and protect these rights."

Article 27, under the title, Right to Freedom of Religion,
Belief and Opinion, it states: "Everyone has the right to
freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall
include the freedom to hold or to adopt a religion or belief of
his choice, and freedom, either individually or in fellowship
with others, in public and private, to religious worship,
observance and teaching. Consistent with the article 90 sub-
article 2, believers may organize institutions of religious
education and administration in order to propagate and
establish their faith. No one shall be prohibited or
constrained through coercion in the free choice of their
beliefs. Parents and guardians, on the basis of their beliefs,
have the right to provide religious and moral education to
their children."

Article 9 sub-article 4, the Ethiopian Constitution states that
"All international agreements ratified by Ethiopia are an
integral part of the laws of the country.Ó

It is crystal clear that the Ethiopian government has included
many articles from International Human Rights Instruments into
the Transitional Charter and the New Constitution as part of
its massive public relations campaign to improve its image
internationally, rather than implementing them in order to
ameliorate the human rights situation in the Ogaden and
elsewhere in the empire-state of Ethiopia.

The people in the Ogaden and elsewhere in the empire-state of
Ethiopia, have lost faith and confidence in the present
government in Ethiopia and its hollow commitments to genuine
democratization, protection of basic human rights and the right
to self-determination for all nations in the Ethiopian empire.



4 - HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES

Since its foundation, on 13 June 1995, the Ogaden Human Rights
Committee, has carreid out extensive investigations of the
human rights situation throughout the Ogaden, and has
documented gross violations, including illegal imprisonments,
mass arrests without charges or trials, enforced
disappearances, torture, rape, extrajudicial killings,
abduction, forced labour, hostage-taking, systematic religious
and racial persecution, dispossession and widespread looting by
the current EPRDF government in Ethiopia.
To illustrate the above-mentioned assertions, some cases are
detailed in the following pages, while other cases are listed
and attached.


4.1. Prisoners Of Conscience

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
states that "All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience
and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.Ó
In article 2 it states that "Everyone is entitled to all the
rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language,
religion. political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status..."
Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR), protects the inherent right to life. Article 7
prohibits torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment. Article 9 prohibits arbitrary arrest or detention,
and provides that anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at
the time of arrest, of reasons for his or her arrest and shall
be promptly informed of any charges against him. Article 10
provides that all persons deprived of their liberty are to be
treated with humanity.
Aricle 10 of UDHR states that "Everyone is entitled in full
equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in determination of his rights and
obligations and of any criminal charge against him." Article 18
of the ICCPR provides for freedom of movement and freedom to
choose a residence.

Nevertheless, hunderds of children, women, businessmen,
students, pastoralists, politicians and religious scholars have
been detained, tortured, disappeared or killed by the EPRDF
forces, because of their ethnic, language, religion, or
political opinion. No one was ever brought before a public
hearing. These abuses took place unchecked in the towns as well
as in the rural areas.



4.2. Political Imprisonment

In mid-1996, more than 2000 Ogadenis were in detention without
charge or trial. The majority of the detainees were suspected
supporters of ONLF, religious scholars, nomads, students, clan
elders, politicians and businessmen. Some of them were released
by the end of the last year or the beginning of this year. Most
of the released detainees were civilians, who were in detention
for long periods without charge or trial, while others were
businessmen, who were held without charge for several months in
order to extort money. Scores died in detention, were tortured,
or disappeared without leaving a trace.

Ahmed Mohamed, Abdullahi Qaji and Abdullahi Haliye, members of
ONLF Central Committee, were detained in Hargeisa, North West
Somalia, on 31 July 1996, by militia loyal to Mr. Egal, while
they were visiting their relatives in the area. (See Mass
Killings, Torture and Disappearances in the Ogaden ref:
OHRC/08/96). On 20 October 1996, they were handed over to the
Ethiopian government against their will, in exchange for
ammunition. After repatriation, they were transferred to prison
in Diri-Dhabo(Dire-Dawa). The International Committee of the
Red Cross(ICRC), was given access to them, and has visited them
several times. They have been brought before the regional court
several times. Each time, they were taken back to their cells
for lack of evidence.
In May 1997, they were brought before the regional court, which
examined their case and acquitted them. The court declared that
the police had no reason to continue holding them.
Nevertheless, the prosecutor and the police, in defiance of the
court order, have decided to transfer them to Jigjiga or Harar,
where they would face long-term jail sentences, involuntary
disappearance or death, without due process of law. The Ogaden
Human Rights Committee fears for the safety and well-being of
the three detainees,especially in view of constant reports of
executions, disappearances, torture or ill-treatment of the
detainees in Jigjiga and Harar detention centres to extract
confessions.

Ahmed Makahiil Hussein, MP and former vice-president of the
Regional Assembly, was arrested in September 1995, and remained
incommunicado since then. (See Human Rights Violations in the
Ogaden by Ethiopia, 1991 to 1996 ref: OHRC/01/96, Deterioration
of Human Rights Situation in the Ogaden unabated ref:
OHCR/07/96 and Mass Killings, Torture and Disappearances in the
Ogaden ref: OHRC/08/96). In May 1997, he was brought before the
regional court and charged with inciting armed rebellion. He
pleaded not guilty. The regional court's sentence was 7 years'
imprisonment. He was not informed the particulars of the
charges and reasons for his arrest, has not had access to any
evidence presented against him, and was not represented by a
legal counsel.

Hence, he did not receive fair trial in accordance with
recognized international standards. On the basis of available
information about his case, the OHRC believes that there was
not credible evidence of his involvement in any violent
activity, and his trial was a mockery of justice, and considers
him a prisoner of conscience.

In May 1997, peacful demonstrations were held in Qabridaharre
in protest against the central government's decision to hold in
the town a meeting to forge forcible unity between ESDL and
some Ogadeni individuals, who were in detention and have been
released in dubious circumstances without charge or trial. The
government used excessive force to disperse the demonstrators,
causing many unnecessary and avoidable injuries and arrested a
score of people. Most of the detainees were released without
being charged. But some remained in detention for unknown
reasons without being charged or tried, including the following
four officials: Mrs. Muhibo Arab Ali, aged 49, mother of 12
children, president of Ogaden Women's Democratic
Association(OWDA), Qorrahay region. She had been arrested
several times before for her political activities. Abdullahi-
jire Abdi Hajir, aged 42, fatherof 5 children, MP for Shaygoosh
district, Qorrahay region. Abdi-yare Ma'alin Ismail , aged 26,
father of two children, member of Qabridaharre Ogaden Youth
Organization(OYO). Sadiq Abdullahi Yusuf, aged 32, father of 6
children, Qorrahay region police commissioner. They were
recently released on bail, and were restricted to Qabridaharre.

In November 1996, the following three officers of the Ogaden
Welfare Society(OWS), were detained without charge or trial in
Addis Ababa. They have been held incommunicado for some months:
Dr. Mohamed Abdi-gani, Mohamoud Abdi Ahmed, Mubarak Aidiid
Odawaa, Chairman, Director of Finance and Management, and
Treasurer of OWS respectively. Mohamoud Abdi and Mubarak Aidiid
were recently released uncharged, but Dr. Mohamed Abdi-gani
remained in detention. No reason was given for his detention.
To the best of the Ogaden Human Rights Committe's knowledge, he
was not involved in any illegal activity. The OHRC considers
him a prisoner of conscience. The Ogaden Welfare Society is the
only national humanitarian organization in the Ogaden which is
recognized by the Ehiopian government. It has been responsible
for building dispensaries, schools and digging water wells.

Bashir Sheikh Abdi, Yusuf Muhumed Ma'alin and Mohamed
Abdirahman,ex-governor of Hararge province, ex-governor of
Dhagahbour region and ex-governor of Wardheer region
respectively, were arrested in April 1997. They are being held
in incommunicado detention without charge or trial. No clear
reason was given for their detention. Bashir Sheikh Abdi who is
an old man and in a poor state of health, is denied medical
treatment. The Ogaden Human Rights Committee believes these
three ex-governors may be prisoners of conscience.

A number of businessmen and civil servants, were held
incommunicado and without charges or trial for several months.
They are being held in Maikelawi police investigation centre in
Addis Ababa. They include Abdi-Aziz Ahmed Dahir, businessman;
Abdirahman Isse, businessman; Abdirahman Mohamed Hassan, civil
servant; Abdishakir Sh. Ismail, civilian; Omar Yoosle,
businessman; Mohamed Ma'alin Farah, businessman; Hussein
Mohamed, civil servant. They were subjected to torture and ill-
treatment. Some of them were transferred to another detention
centre for unknown reasons. The Ogaden Human Rights Committee
is concerned about their safety and well-being, particularly in
view of constant reports about confessions made under duress.

Some outspoken critics of the government's policies in the
Ogaden are being held in harsh conditions without charges or
trial in Jigjiga prison. Among them are: Mohamed Ali Abdi, clan
elder (Also known as caaqil yare). He had been detained many
times before for political reasons under Haile Selassie's
government and Siyad Barre's government in Somalia, where he
was in exile. In 1991, after Mengistu's down-fall, he returned
to his homeland. Abdullahi Galool Elmi, clan elder, from
Dhagahbour region. Makhtal Abdi Dhiid, civil servant. He had
been detained several times before for his political activities
under Dergue government of Mengistu.
The Ogaden Human Rights Committee believes that they are
detained for their political views, and are prisoners of
consceince.

Mohamoud Sheikh Yusuf Haybe, aged 28, father of one child,
civil servant, was arrested in Diri-Dhabo (Dire-Dawa) in June
1997. He is being held incommunicado without charge or trial.
No reason was given for his detention. The OHRC considers
Mohamoud to be a prisoner of conscience.

The EPRDF government's policy of keeping political prisoners in
detention indefinitely without charges or trial did not change.
However, in December 1996 and April 1997, some detainees were
released without having been charged or tried. They were
released on conditions which compromise and violate their
constitutional rights. For example; they were released on bail,
put under constant surveillance by plain clothes secret agents,
compelled to report themselves to the police station from time
to time, their rights to move from place to another were
restricted and their telephone wires were tapped. They include
Sheikh Abdinasir Sh. Adan, MP; Ibrahim Adan Dolal, MP; Nur
Gooni, MP; Ali Bashe, MP; Riyale Hamud, MP; Khadar Ma'alin, MP;
and others were businessmen who paid extortion money for their
release. (See Human Rights Violations in the Ogaden by
Ethiopia, 1991 to 1996 ref: OHRC/01/96, Deterioration of Human
Rights Situation in the Ogaden unabated ref: OHRC/07/96 and
Mass Killings, Torture and Disappearances in the Ogaden ref:
OHRC/08/96).
The OHRC, which called for them to be either charged with
recognizable criminal offences and given fair trials or
released unconditionally, welcomes their release, and calls
upon the Ethiopian government to lift the unconstitutional
restrictions imposed on them.



4.3. Extrajudicial Executions

Article 3 of the UDHR proclaims the right to life, liberty and
security of person. Under Geneva Conventions of August 1949 and
Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions, in case of
armed conflict not of an international character, principles of
humanity must be safeguarded in all situations. Acts prohibited
in all circumstances include: murder, torture, corporal
punishment, mutilation, outrages upon personal dignity, hostage-
taking, collective punishment, executions without regular trial
and cruel and degrading treatment. Furthermore, article 51
(1,2,6) of protocol I, protocols additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949 states that "The civilian
population and individual civilians shall enjoy general
protection against dangers arising from military operations.
The civilian population as such, as well as individual
civilians, shall not be the object of attack. Acts or threats
of violence the primary purpose of which is to spread terror
among the civilian population are prohibited. Attacks against
the civilian population or civilians by way of reprisals are
prohibited.Ó

Nevertheless, contrary to the spirit and the letter of the
International Human Rights Instruments ratified by Ethiopia,
the Ethiopian armed and security forces have carried out
systematically extra-legal, arbitrary and summary executions
throughout the Ogaden with impunity. These extrajudicial
killings have been confirmed by adequate witnesses and
documented by OHRC. The following cases are illustrative of the
above assertions:

On 18 July 1997, Khadar Dulguf Mashkooke, schoolboy, aged 14,
was abducted by members of EPRDF forces in Godey. On 20 July
1997, his tortured body was found outside Godey military
barracks. His death was a terrible shock to his father, who
went into hiding for fear of his life.

In March 1997, Ugas Mohamed Muhumed Fatule, clan elder, his
nephew Ibrahim Deeh Fatule and nine other civilians, were
detained in Shaygoosh and transferred to military barracks in
Qabridaharre. Ugas Mohamed and his nephew were killed , their
dismembered bodies displayed in the town, and were refused
burial for two days. The fate and whereabouts of the other
detainees is unknown up to now but they are presumed dead.

In Janaury 1997, Fadumo Ali Ahmed, a nursing mother; Sahra Abdi
Omar and Asli Ali Farah, were abducted at gun-point by EPRDF
forces. After three days their bodies were found in a nearby
bush. They had been strangled and sexually assualted. Their
eyes were gouged out and breasts were cut off.

In October 1996, the following individuals were killed, without
due process of law by the government forces: Haweeya Mahdi,
housewife, aged 50, mother of 7 children; Abdishakur Magan,
civilian, aged 35, father of 3 children; Dahir Ali, civilian,
aged 41, father of 2 children; Omar Dubad Omar, civilian, aged
45, father of 5 children; Deeq Mohamed, civilian, aged 26,
father of 2 children. They were tortured before execution.

In Wardheer, the EPRDF forces rounded up a group of civilians
and summarily executed them in the outskirts of the town. Among
them were Abdullahi Ganey, Hiis Mohamed Omar, Roble Shafi'i,
Ali Mohamed Hassan and Haji Mohamed Abdi.

Kiin Mohamed Qani, Halimo Yusuf Nur, Qodane Abdi Kahin and
Farah Ali Abdi, all nomads from Dhuhun area, were rounded up
while they were tending their camels in the rural area. They
were transferred to military barracks in Dhuhun and were
tortured to death.

In Godey, 27 people including Abdi Mohamed, Badal Muhumed, Abdi
Ahmed and Ibrahim Mohamoud, were collected from the town centre
at various times and summarily executed in public.

In December, 1996, the EPRDF forces killed 18 civilians in a
cold-blood massacre in Dhanaan. The victims were found shot,
hacked and burned to death. Among them were seven children, six
women and five men.


In Iimey, Hussein Omar and his brother Arbe Omar were arrested,
their properties confiscated and then they were tortured to
death.

Muhumed Hajir, Shafi Adan and Nur Mohamed, all nomads from
Dhanaan area, were arrested and taken to the military barracks.
They were tortured to death. Their relatives were told that
they died in their sleep. The bodies of the victims bore marks
of torture.



4.4. Disappearances


According to principles on Detention or Imprisonment, priciple
12 and 16 (1); SMR, rules 7, 44 (3) and 92; Declaration on
Enforced Disappearance, article 10(2 and 3); principles on
Summary Executions, principle 6; a record of every arrest must
be made and shall include: the reason for arrest; the time of
the arrest; the time transferred to place of custody; the time
of appearance before a judicial authority; the identity of
officers involved; precise information on the place of custody;
and details of interrogation. Furthermore, article (13)
requires the authorities to investigate reports of
disappearances.

A large number of people have disappeared after being abducted
by members of EPRDF forces, while others disappeared from
notorious military detention camps, or were transferred to
secret detention centres in Harar or Addis Ababa. The fate and
whereabouts of those people remain unknown to their relatives.
In many cases they are presumed dead.

Many suspected ONLF sympathizers have been disappeared in
detention without leaving a trace. They include Bashir Abdi
Adan, civilian, aged 35, father of three children, who was
taken by security officers from his house. He had been detained
several times before on suspicion of ONLF membership.

In Janaury 1996, Ahmed Mohamed Arab, businessman, aged 42,
father of five children, was detained in Dhagahbour, and was
never seen again.

On 1st July 1996, Mohamed Ganey, also known as "Kabaal QabadÓ,
businessman, aged 39, was abducted from his shop by government
forces. Since then his whereabouts is unknown.


In April 1997, Jibril Abdi Fatule, clan elder and his two
daughters were detained in Shaygoosh, then were transferred to
Qabridaharre military barracks. They were never seen again.

On June 1997, many people were detained in Dhagahbour. Among
them were Nasir Gurey Ali, policeman, aged 35, his father and
six others of their relatives. They were held incommunicado,
and were subjected to extensive torture. Nasir subsequently
disappeared in custody. His whereabouts is unknown to his
family. No reason was given for their arrest. The OHRC fears
for the safety and well-being of all detainees, particularly
after reported disappearance of Nasir in detention. The OHRC
calls for them to be either charged with a recognizable
criminal offences and be given fair trials or immediately and
unconditionally released. The OHRC asks for a public statement
on the whereabouts of Nasir Gurey and other disappeared
detainees as well.
According to reliable reports received by OHRC, many detainees
disappeared in 1994, are being held in secret detention centres
in Harar. They include Haji Ahmednur Sh. Mumin, the Imam of
Dhagahbour mosque, who was detained in April 1994 and never
seen again. Abdullahi Abdi Taflow, ONLF Central Committee
Member and Deeq Yuusuf Kaariye, journalist. They were detained
in May and July 1994 respectively and never seen again (See
Human Rights Violation in the Ogaden by Ethiopia, 1991 to 1996
ref: OHRC/01/96).



4.5. Torture And Ill-Treatment

Article 2 of the Convention against Torture and other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment states that "Each
State party shall take effective legislative, administrative,
judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any
territory under its jurisdiction. No exceptional circumstances
whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal
political instability or any other public emergency, may be
invoked as a justification of torture. An order from a superior
officer or a public authority may not be invoked as a
justification of torture."
Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, prohibits
torture during internal armed conflict. States are also
required to bring those responsible for torture to justice and
to give redress and compensation to those who have been
tortured.

In the Ogaden, there is neither arrest nor interrogation
without torture. The Ethiopian government Army and Security
Forces systematically torture suspected ONLF members to extract
information or confessions. A number of people were tortured to
death. The OHRC has examined a large number of torture
survivors, some of them were disabled, while others bore scars
of torture on their bodies. For example; the numbers of people
disabled by torture in Godey, Qabridaharre and Dhagahbour were
503, 456, and 425 respectively.

Yusuf Hirsi Olow and several other members of ONLF were
arrested in Djibouti in September 1996, and forcibly returned
to Ethiopia. Every night he and his friends were taken out of
their prison cells at gun-point, blindfolded and tied up for
interrogation under torture. They underwent severe physical and
psychological torture in the form of indiscriminate beating
with heavy sticks, electric wires, guns butts and threats of
shooting them to death by charging guns in front of them and
aiming at their heads.
Yusuf was unable to cater for his sanitary needs, and was
suffering from anal bleeding. He was denied medical treatment.

Abdi-hiis Ahmed Dahir, businessman, was detained on 12 November
1996 in Diri-Dhabo, transferred to prison in Addis Ababa. He
was tied upside-down and was beaten indiscriminately. He is in
a critical condition and was denied medical treatment.

Farhiya Ahmed, housewife, 8 months pregnant, was detained for
inviting ONLF members to her house. She was tortured until she
aborted.

Abdullahi Ahmed Qorane, was detained for suspected sympathy
with ONLF. He was extensively tortured and is suffering the
effects of the torture.

In January 1997, Nasra Sirad Dolal, housewife, aged 36, mother
of eight children, was detained in Qabridaharre, and was forced
to leave her children in the care of neighbours. She was held
incommunicado for three months. In April 1997, she was released
on bail and was restricted to Qabridaharre. She is related to
ONLF Central Committee Member.



4.6. Torture Methods

Torture methods employed against detainees by the Ethiopian
armed and security forces in the Ogaden include:

· Deprivation of sleep and food.
· Forcing detainees to drink urine or salty water.
· Suffocation of detainees by burying them alive, which
causes death in many cases.
· Death threats, with charged guns pointed at the head.
· Gang raping of women and child molestation.
· Suspending from the roof upside-down.
· Indiscriminate beatings with guns butts, heavy sticks or
iron bars.
· Denial of sanitary visits.
· victims are left for extended periods, in prostrate
position under the burning sun with their hands and legs tied
togather behind the back.
· Victims are burned with cigarettes.



4.7. Other Abuses



Article 17(2) of the UDHR prohibits arbitrary deprivation of
private property. Article 17 of the ICCPR calls for the
prohibition of arbitrary or unlawful interference with an
individual's privacy, family, home or correspondence, and
unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation. That no one is
to be held in slavery; that slavery and slave-trade are to be
prohibited; and that no one is to be held in servitude or
required to perform forced or compulsory labour(art.8). It lays
down measures to protect the rights of children(art.24). It
provides that all persons are equal before the law and are
entitled to equal protection of the law(art.26). It also calls
for protection of the rights of ethnic, religious and
linguistic minorities(art.27).

The Ethiopian armed and security forces, which comprise ill-
disciplined ragtag militias from Tigray region, roam
throughout the Ogaden demanding money and food at gun-point.
whenever defeated, they take revenge on the civilian
population, in defiance of international treaties, which
prohibit reprisals against civilian population. Many people
were arbitrarily deprived of their properties and life savings
by the security forces, who intrude upon their privacy by
getting into private residences and properties and unlawfully
confiscating any property they fancy.

In July 1996, after an attempt to assassinate a government
minister, the security forces staged a campaign of terror
directed against Somalis. A large number of Somalis, who
neither speak Tigrigna nor Amharic, were singled out on a
linguistic and ethnic basis, and were detained, tortured or ill-
treated. Many of them are still in detention without charge or
trial. Somalis are periodically rounded up, detained and held
in detention without charge for months in order to extort
money.

The EPRDF government uses forced labour to build its military
in the Ogaden. Many teenagers were abducted to work in military
construction projects or transport ammunition and provisions on
their backs in the rainy season or when there is fear of
landmines.

On 15 October 1996, Ethiopian security forces surrounded and
broke into the Ogaden Human Rights Committee's office in Godey,
ransacking all that was worth anything, including contributions
and correspondences of the Committee.
The International Co-ordinator of the Ogaden Human Rights
Committee Mr. Abdukader Sulub Abdi, who narrowly escaped an
assassination attempt on his life on 25 June 1995, has been
repeatedly harassed by the Ethiopian Embassy in Switzerland as
well.

There is a clear pattern of targeting religious scholars,
places of worship, relatives of political prisoners and private
properties of government opponents. In October 1996, security
forces ransacked and destroyed Abdullahi Haliye's house in
Dhagahbour (See political imprisonment). In a similar act the
house of the ONLF chairman Mr. Ibrahim Abdallah, was ransacked
and blown up by the Ethiopian securiy forces in Godey on 30
June 1997.

Religious scholars have been the targets of verbal and physical
attacks. A large number of religious leaders have been
detained, disappeared, tortured or killed in the last five
years. Many Imams are reluctant to preach to the faithful or
lead prayers in mosques for fear of their lives. A score of
mosques and religious schools were destroyed or shut down by
the EPRDF government.

The practice of taking family members or close relatives of
government political opponents as hostages, and holding them
under torture until the suspected activist reports himself to
the security forces is widely employed by the Ethiopian
security forces in the Ogaden.
The Ogaden Human Rights Committee, has evidence that family
members and relatives of political prisoners have been harassed
and intimidated constantly by the Ethiopian security forces.



5. TESTIMONIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE

The following testimonies were collected from survivors of
massacres, rape victims, released detainees or victims' close
relatives. These testimonies are cited to illustrate the
pattern of extrajudicial killings, rape, torture,
disappearances, arbitrary detentions, pillage and ill-
treatment. The real names of the victims or their relatives
have been withheld in order to protect them and their families
from reprisals.



I. TESTIMONY OF EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING, RAPE, ABDUCTION,
PILLAGE AND ILL-TREAMENT

<> aged 46, housewife, mother of 6 children.
"It was Sunday moonlight night, when Tigrigna speaking soldiers
came to our village. We were sleeping peacefully. Suddenly, we
were woken up by indiscriminate gun shots, and were forced to
get out of our houses at gun point. The sick and elderly people
were dragged out of their beds, and taken by force to the
centre of the village, where we were assembled and told not to
talk to each other in Somali."

"At day-break, the village was searched house to house. They
took everything of value, and stripped us of our gold and wrist
watches. Four men resisted, and were executed in front of us by
shooting them at point-blank range."

"I do not know whether they were looking for weapons or
fighters, or both. But we knew later that they had been
defeated in a battle....and we were victims of reprisals. About
eight o'clock in the morning, they killed five goats, and
started eating their raw meat in front of us."

"They took with them 16 men, including my husband, our 15 years
old son and the teacher of the village. To the best of my
knowledge, a number of women were raped in the course of the
operation, including me and my sister."

"After two weeks, about 12 decomposed bodies were found in a
bush far away from our village about three days' walk. Some of
the corpses were cut into pieces, while others were burned
beyond recognition. It was the most horrific thing I have seen
in my life."

"Since, that ill-fated night, I did not sleep well and I am
suffering from awful, horrifying nightmares, and my children
are traumatised as well. As a result of this ordeal three of my
friends have gone mad because they had lost their husbands as
well as their properties like me."


II. TESTIMONY OF ARBITRARY DETENTION, TORTURE, RELIGIOUS AND
RACIAL PERSECUTION AND ILL-TREATMENT

<>, aged 55, religious scholar, father of 7 children.
"On 9 July 1996, there were mass arrests of Somalis after the
assassination attempt on the EPRDF minister of Transport. I was
on my way home after praying in the mosque. Four EPRDF soldiers
stopped their car near to me and hurried to me. I was bearded
and holding a rosary in my hand. They asked me, what was my
religion ? I told them, I am a Muslim. They started insulting
me and my religion. I was hand-cuffed, blindfolded, forced into
the car and taken to military barracks. After three days I was
transferred to Maikelawi police investigation centre."

"I was tied upside-down and was beaten indiscriminately until I
lost consciousness. I was burned with cigarettes and forced to
drink urine and dirty salty water, and was deprived of sleep
and of food more than five days. I was held incommunicado more
than three months. My relatives who came to visit me were
turned back and were given false information."

"During my detention, I was not allowed to practise or perform
my religious duties. They put guns at my head and threatened to
kill me if I did not confess that I am a member of a terrorist
group. But I refused to make any confessions under threat and
torture."

"I believe that I was detained, tortured and persecuted like
many other Somalis from the Ogaden and from Somalia proper
because of my religious beliefs and race."

"I was released on bail in April 1997, without being charged or
tried. I did not ask any redress or compensation because in the
eyes of the government what they did to me is very normal
comparing to other atrocities committed by government police
and security forces."



6. RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPEALS

I. TO: INDIVIDUALS, LOCAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND
HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS

The Ogaden Human Rughts Committee requests individuals, local
human rights and humanitarian organizations to support its
efforts to promote and improve the human rights cause in the
Ogaden, and recommends the following:

Please write to your Foreign Minstry:

· Asking that your government exerts pressure on Ethiopia to
improve its human rights record.
· Urging that all political prisoners be either immediately
and unconditionally released or charged with recognized
criminal offences, and given fair trials; and be given
unrestricted and regular access to their family members and to
representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross
(name some or all from those listed below).
· Expressing concern at the disappearance of a large number
of suspected government opponents in the notorious military
detention camps throughout the Ogaden, and asking their
whereabouts (name some or all from those listed below).
· Asking your government to support the Ogaden Human Rights
Committee's efforts to appoint a UN Special Rapporteur on Human
Rights as well as sending a fact-finding mission to the Ogaden.

Please copy your letter to diplomatic representatives of
Ethiopia accredited to your country as well as the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The address is:

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland

Sources :

Click here

[RuralMan08]

onlf wa in somalida dega gobolka somalida inay wada tageeraan weye sabab waxay u dagalamayan halgan dhab ah Jabhada na la balaadhiya hiil iyo hoo ba la siiyaa si dhulkasi mar uun u xoroobo ,, oo calan xor ah laga taago inshallah.

Faranacab, wallahi those stories are shocking

Where were the Somalis, why weren't all of them participating collectiely in the Jihad against the Habashis?