Ethiopia the Faqri nation, embarrassed while Clinton speaks

[The_Patriot]

dude you dont seem to have read the Islamic empires that flourished in West Africa.

Need to read alot of history of the Transaharan trade.

[Username1]

dude you dont seem to have read the Islamic empires that flourished in West Africa.

Need to read alot of history of the Transaharan trade.

Your Ogadeen, your brain has not evolved to go past 10 or read past d..
That's the reason why they say Doqonimo waa Ogadeen

[FBISOMALIA]

dude you dont seem to have read the Islamic empires that flourished in West Africa.

Need to read alot of history of the Transaharan trade.

Your Ogadeen, your brain has not evolved to go past 10 or read past d..
That's the reason why they say Doqonimo waa Ogadeen

at least they free your little tooloo from white skins

[whitehartlane]

dude you dont seem to have read the Islamic empires that flourished in West Africa.

Need to read alot of history of the Transaharan trade.

akhi those people were not nigerians ..those people were black berbers, from north west africa ..those successful nigerians tht you are talking about are non muslim nigerians....north nigerian people are the most backward muslims in the western africa..

[The_Patriot]

The early Islamic penetration of Africa was limited to the north, across Egypt and the Maghrib. By the 13th century, however, the religion had travelled further south, through the work of missionaries and along trade routes, into sub-Saharan Africa. The gold kingdoms of West Africa were one area in which Islam established itself.

The Kingdom of Ghana had ruled much of West Africa, and had controlled much of the gold and salt trade in the region, immediately prior to the arrival of Islam. This kingdom covered a wide expanse of territory in West Africa, but it must be noted that it did not correspond to the territory of the present-day country of Ghana. The spread of the Muslim Almoravids from Morocco into Ghana in the mid-11th century marked the beginning of Ghana's downfall, and by the 13th century it had completely disappeared as a state.


The Kingdom of Mali soon filled the void left by the collapse of Ghana, and some of Mali's leaders adopted the religion brought by the invading Almoravids - Islam. Because the Kingdom of Mali controlled all three of the main gold fields in West Africa, whereas Ghana had controlled only one, it grew very wealthy and Timbuktu rose as a major trading city. The most influential and memorable ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa, who ruled from 1312 to 1337, over what has been called the "Golden Age" of Mali. He is generally credited with solidifying the presence of Islam in West Africa, which until his rule was present only in missions and Muslim trading posts, although the religion still had little influence on the general population. As well, Mansa Musa was instrumental in expanding his kingdom's gold trade to the Mediterranean, through increased trading ties with the Merinid empire in North Africa and the Mamluks in Egypt. Mansa Musa is also well known for his pilgrimage to Mecca, which he undertook in 1324. It was reported in sources of the time that he brought 60,000 followers, 500 slaves, and 80 camels with him, all carrying gold. Passing through Tripoli and Cairo, among other cities, also helped in developing trade relationships with foreign cities, because Mali's wealth in gold did not go unnoticed.

Mansa Musa brought architects and builders back with him as he returned from his pilgrimage, and soon Timbuktu was a commercial city of 100,000 people. Public buildings, mosques, and libraries were built, and traders came from all over Europe, the Islamic world, and other parts of Africa to do business in Timbuktu. Scholars also came from afar to study at the prestigious University of Sankore.

Map of the Great Three West African Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. Click on map for larger image.

Timbuktu's importance continued to grow as the Kingdom of Mali faded under the increasing power of one of Mali's subject peoples, the Songhai. The Songhai empire, which had completely eclipsed Mali by the late 14th century, was the last of what has been called the "Great Three" West African empires - after Ghana and Mali. Songhai built upon the existing Islamic tradition established by the Kingdom of Mali, and most of Songhai's 17 kings, the administrators, and the bureaucrats in urban centres were Muslim. The faith did not spread through the general population, however, and most of the kingdom's subjects retained their adherence to traditional religions. Many of those who did convert to Islam, including Songhai's rulers, combined elements of their ancestral religions with Islam. Sonni Ali, the Songhai ruler from 1465 to 1492, once declared that he could turn himself into a vulture, and he severely persecuted any Muslim who criticised the paganism of that statement.

Under the reign of Askia Muhammad (1493-1529), Songhai became the largest empire in West Africa at the time, covering much more territory than either Ghana or Mali ever had, and including over one thousand different cultures. The Songhai empire strengthened the trading ties that Mansa Musa had established with other Islamic empires in Africa - most notably, the Merinids in the Maghrib, and the Mamluks in Egypt. By 1591, however, the kingdom had become too large to administer, and an invasion from Morocco that year virtually destroyed the empire. Its Islamic legacy, however, remains in many places in West Africa today.

[The_Patriot]

Mansa Musa

Reigned 1312 - 1337 AD (?)

Golden Age King of the Mali Empire

From the fourth to the sixteenth century, three empires controlled much of West Africa and several key cities of the Saharan trade route. Between the empires of Ghana and Songhai, Mansa Musa reigned over the empire of Mali during its golden years. His control of gold mines and key cities in the Saharan trade route gave him the wealth he needed to attract the attention of the world. This attention was directed towards Mali because of his devotion to Islam and his generous giving while on a hajj to Mecca. During his hajj, Mansa Musa came in contact with important architects that would establish a construction tradition that would last for centuries.

About seventy years before Mansa Musa took the throne, his grandfather, Sundiata, conquered the great Ghana empire in 1240 AD. In his childhood, Sundiata had been crippled and was forced into exile for fear of assassination by his brother who had become Mansa (king). Following Sundiata's magical healing and his brother's deaths by the foreign king of Soso, Sundiata returned to claim the throne. He conquered the king of Soso and the Ghana empire, and establish the empire of Mali. Following Sundiata's death, no less than six weak rulers claimed the throne of Mali. It was in this climate that Mansa Musa was born. It is unclear exactly when he was born or when he became king. Two spans of time have been suggested for his reign, 1307 to 1332 AD or 1312 to 1337, either way spanning a total of twenty-five years. Furthermore, very few facts have survived concerning his childhood, and the first important mention of his life was his famous hajj.

Mansa Musa's famous hajj (pilgrimage) placed him in history and in the attention of the entire European and Islamic world. About the time that the Aztecs began building Tenochtitlan, the and the Ottoman Turks began the creation of their empire, Mansa Musa began his obligatory hajj to Mecca in 1324 with an impressive company. In his caravan he brought sixty-thousand people dressed in fine silk and eighty camels carrying two tons of gold. Among this throng Mansa Musa had twelve-thousand servants, five hundred of which carried staffs of gold. If this entourage had not caught the attention of the countries he crossed through, his generous giving would. Wherever he went he gave gold to the needy as given is required by a pillar of Islam. One writer even suggests that on every Friday during his travel he erected a mosque in the city that he found himself in. In Cairo he gave so much gold that in Egypt its value did not recover for twelve years. Before he returned to Mali, he had given away or spent so much that he was forced to borrow money from a merchant in Cairo for his return trip.

While most of the inhabitants of Mali were not Muslim, and although he allowed them to maintain their religious diversity, Mansa Musa remained distinctly Muslim. His pilgrimage to Mecca was a clear illustration of his devotion, but he showed his religious beliefs in several other ways. His grandfather before him had converted to Islam, and Mansa Musa established Islam as the national religion. He also built mosques and important Islamic centers of learning. Under his rule Timbuktu rose to become not only an important city in the trans-Saharan trade route but also the center of Islamic scholarship. Muslims came from distant countries to receive an education at the Sankore University that he built in Timbuktu. And it was because of his fulfillment of the hajj and his wealth of gold that these important sites were constructed.

Al-Omari, an ancient Muslim historian, described Mansa Musa as "the most powerful, the richest, the most fortunate, the most feared by his enemies and the most able to do good for those around him" in all of West Africa. (Ibn Battuta gives a detailed description of Mali just a few years after the reign of Mansa Musa.) Some of this wealth and power directly relates to the unique position of his empire along the Niger River basin and the crossroads of many major trans-Saharan trade routes. Two of these traded commodities were salt and gold; they were so important that in the fourteenth century they were used as currency. The salt trade originated from the North of Mali in the mines of Taghaza. The gold mines of Bambuk, on the other hand, laid within Mali territory. This gold was the source of half of the world's supply and greatly contributed to Mansa Musa's wealth. During his life, Mansa Musa also gained control of Timbuktu which stood at the crossroads of the Niger, an important means of transport, and the Saharan desert trade routes. This was the city where the Saharan salt merchants and the gold laden caravans converged. This provided Mansa Musa control of these two major commodities, and with this control his wealth increased. Interestingly, some of the construction of Timbuktu and other important cities can be directly linked to Mansa Musa's famous hajj.

While returning from Mecca, Mansa Musa brought back many Arab scholars and architects. Abu-Ishaq Ibrahim-es-Saheli, one of these architects, introduced new ideas into Mali architecture. With his help Mansa Musa constructed a royal palace, libraries, and mosques, and brought his trade city into international acclaim. This architect introduced to Mali a new mud construction technique that would establish a building tradition for centuries. With this technique he built the great Djingareyber Mosque at Timbuktu that stands to this day. He also built the great mosque at Jenne and a mosque in Gao that remained important for four centuries.

When Mansa Musa went on his hajj, he paraded his great wealth before the world. His generosity was quickly noted by European and Islamic nations alike. One contemporary, Spanish mapmaker depicted Mansa Musa seated on his thrown, gazing at a gold nugget in his right hand, holding a golden scepter in his left, and wearing a golden crown on his head. The Islamic world took notice because of his encouragement of Islam and his construction of Islamic centers of learning. These centers attracted Muslims from all over the world, including some of the greatest poets, scholars, and artists of Africa and the Middle east. This greatly increased the fame of Mali.

In the long run, partly due to Musa's conspicuous flaunting of wealth, when the ships of Portugal's Prince Henry captured Cuenta in 1415, Moorish prisoners told more details of the gold trade. Henry set his explorers down the African coast to find a route across subSaharen Africa in order to contain Islam. Containment failed as Constantinople fell in 1453 and after the successful reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula to push out Islam, Europeans turned toward the Americas. However, it had been Mali gold that provided the initial material for exploration and conquest.

Mansa Musa died around 1337, leaving the throne to his son Maghan I. About this time the empire began to unravel; Songhai, a province in the east, left the empire. Mansa Maghan spent excessive amounts of Mali's wealth, leaving a weakened empire at his death around 1341 to his uncle Mansa Sulayman. While several of Mansa Musa's famous mosques remain to this day, the empire of Mali lasted no longer than two centuries following his death. By 1400 Timbuktu had been conquered by the Tuaregs, and war had broken out between the emerging Songhai empire and Mali. Following the reign of several weak kings and civil wars, the empire of Mali fell to the Songhai empire in 1546. By the 18th century Mali had completely disappeared.

SOURCE

Musa's generous actions, however, inadvertently devastated the economy of the region. In the cities of Cairo, Medina and Mecca, the sudden influx of gold devalued the metal for the next decade. Prices on goods and wares super inflated in an attempt to adjust to the newfound wealth that was spreading throughout local populations. To rectify the gold market, Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo, at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the Mediterranean.[9]

[whitehartlane]

The early Islamic penetration of Africa was limited to the north, across Egypt and the Maghrib. By the 13th century, however, the religion had travelled further south, through the work of missionaries and along trade routes, into sub-Saharan Africa. The gold kingdoms of West Africa were one area in which Islam established itself.

The Kingdom of Ghana had ruled much of West Africa, and had controlled much of the gold and salt trade in the region, immediately prior to the arrival of Islam. This kingdom covered a wide expanse of territory in West Africa, but it must be noted that it did not correspond to the territory of the present-day country of Ghana. The spread of the Muslim Almoravids from Morocco into Ghana in the mid-11th century marked the beginning of Ghana's downfall, and by the 13th century it had completely disappeared as a state.


The Kingdom of Mali soon filled the void left by the collapse of Ghana, and some of Mali's leaders adopted the religion brought by the invading Almoravids - Islam. Because the Kingdom of Mali controlled all three of the main gold fields in West Africa, whereas Ghana had controlled only one, it grew very wealthy and Timbuktu rose as a major trading city. The most influential and memorable ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa, who ruled from 1312 to 1337, over what has been called the "Golden Age" of Mali. He is generally credited with solidifying the presence of Islam in West Africa, which until his rule was present only in missions and Muslim trading posts, although the religion still had little influence on the general population. As well, Mansa Musa was instrumental in expanding his kingdom's gold trade to the Mediterranean, through increased trading ties with the Merinid empire in North Africa and the Mamluks in Egypt. Mansa Musa is also well known for his pilgrimage to Mecca, which he undertook in 1324. It was reported in sources of the time that he brought 60,000 followers, 500 slaves, and 80 camels with him, all carrying gold. Passing through Tripoli and Cairo, among other cities, also helped in developing trade relationships with foreign cities, because Mali's wealth in gold did not go unnoticed.

Mansa Musa brought architects and builders back with him as he returned from his pilgrimage, and soon Timbuktu was a commercial city of 100,000 people. Public buildings, mosques, and libraries were built, and traders came from all over Europe, the Islamic world, and other parts of Africa to do business in Timbuktu. Scholars also came from afar to study at the prestigious University of Sankore.

Map of the Great Three West African Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. Click on map for larger image.

Timbuktu's importance continued to grow as the Kingdom of Mali faded under the increasing power of one of Mali's subject peoples, the Songhai. The Songhai empire, which had completely eclipsed Mali by the late 14th century, was the last of what has been called the "Great Three" West African empires - after Ghana and Mali. Songhai built upon the existing Islamic tradition established by the Kingdom of Mali, and most of Songhai's 17 kings, the administrators, and the bureaucrats in urban centres were Muslim. The faith did not spread through the general population, however, and most of the kingdom's subjects retained their adherence to traditional religions. Many of those who did convert to Islam, including Songhai's rulers, combined elements of their ancestral religions with Islam. Sonni Ali, the Songhai ruler from 1465 to 1492, once declared that he could turn himself into a vulture, and he severely persecuted any Muslim who criticised the paganism of that statement.

Under the reign of Askia Muhammad (1493-1529), Songhai became the largest empire in West Africa at the time, covering much more territory than either Ghana or Mali ever had, and including over one thousand different cultures. The Songhai empire strengthened the trading ties that Mansa Musa had established with other Islamic empires in Africa - most notably, the Merinids in the Maghrib, and the Mamluks in Egypt. By 1591, however, the kingdom had become too large to administer, and an invasion from Morocco that year virtually destroyed the empire. Its Islamic legacy, however, remains in many places in West Africa today.

your map and text above are contradicting your argument......
broff first of all nigeria is not included in that map of yours, the name nigeria is as old as the name somalia..so there is no way nigeria can be mentioned in that article either, lakiin for the sake of argument nigeria has tribes that have history beyond the colonial era, now i would assume that if nigerians participated in the sahara desert trade the biggest or the oldest tribes would be mentioned in your article, tribes such as hausa or igbo ....which are neither represented in your article..nevertheless three main kingdoms have been mentioned and each kingdom is 1000's miles north of todays nigeria..the hausa tribe might have been able to support ur case, however the sahara desert trade never came that far .you have to differentiate between west africa and nigeria ... nigeria is a country in west african, a very big country with a very large population however the ancient west african history is necessarily part and parcel of nigeria... and those travelling traders were not west africans...west africans are farmers not travellers....other then the ghana empire black people in africa were sub humans and nothing more then a wild animal...... dont mention the berbers in the same breath as the madow who have been forcefully civilized by cadaan

[RovingMadness]

The power went out exactly when she was talking about democracy and multi-party elections. I think it was by design.

[The_Patriot]

The early Islamic penetration of Africa was limited to the north, across Egypt and the Maghrib. By the 13th century, however, the religion had travelled further south, through the work of missionaries and along trade routes, into sub-Saharan Africa. The gold kingdoms of West Africa were one area in which Islam established itself.

The Kingdom of Ghana had ruled much of West Africa, and had controlled much of the gold and salt trade in the region, immediately prior to the arrival of Islam. This kingdom covered a wide expanse of territory in West Africa, but it must be noted that it did not correspond to the territory of the present-day country of Ghana. The spread of the Muslim Almoravids from Morocco into Ghana in the mid-11th century marked the beginning of Ghana's downfall, and by the 13th century it had completely disappeared as a state.


The Kingdom of Mali soon filled the void left by the collapse of Ghana, and some of Mali's leaders adopted the religion brought by the invading Almoravids - Islam. Because the Kingdom of Mali controlled all three of the main gold fields in West Africa, whereas Ghana had controlled only one, it grew very wealthy and Timbuktu rose as a major trading city. The most influential and memorable ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa, who ruled from 1312 to 1337, over what has been called the "Golden Age" of Mali. He is generally credited with solidifying the presence of Islam in West Africa, which until his rule was present only in missions and Muslim trading posts, although the religion still had little influence on the general population. As well, Mansa Musa was instrumental in expanding his kingdom's gold trade to the Mediterranean, through increased trading ties with the Merinid empire in North Africa and the Mamluks in Egypt. Mansa Musa is also well known for his pilgrimage to Mecca, which he undertook in 1324. It was reported in sources of the time that he brought 60,000 followers, 500 slaves, and 80 camels with him, all carrying gold. Passing through Tripoli and Cairo, among other cities, also helped in developing trade relationships with foreign cities, because Mali's wealth in gold did not go unnoticed.

Mansa Musa brought architects and builders back with him as he returned from his pilgrimage, and soon Timbuktu was a commercial city of 100,000 people. Public buildings, mosques, and libraries were built, and traders came from all over Europe, the Islamic world, and other parts of Africa to do business in Timbuktu. Scholars also came from afar to study at the prestigious University of Sankore.

Map of the Great Three West African Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. Click on map for larger image.

Timbuktu's importance continued to grow as the Kingdom of Mali faded under the increasing power of one of Mali's subject peoples, the Songhai. The Songhai empire, which had completely eclipsed Mali by the late 14th century, was the last of what has been called the "Great Three" West African empires - after Ghana and Mali. Songhai built upon the existing Islamic tradition established by the Kingdom of Mali, and most of Songhai's 17 kings, the administrators, and the bureaucrats in urban centres were Muslim. The faith did not spread through the general population, however, and most of the kingdom's subjects retained their adherence to traditional religions. Many of those who did convert to Islam, including Songhai's rulers, combined elements of their ancestral religions with Islam. Sonni Ali, the Songhai ruler from 1465 to 1492, once declared that he could turn himself into a vulture, and he severely persecuted any Muslim who criticised the paganism of that statement.

Under the reign of Askia Muhammad (1493-1529), Songhai became the largest empire in West Africa at the time, covering much more territory than either Ghana or Mali ever had, and including over one thousand different cultures. The Songhai empire strengthened the trading ties that Mansa Musa had established with other Islamic empires in Africa - most notably, the Merinids in the Maghrib, and the Mamluks in Egypt. By 1591, however, the kingdom had become too large to administer, and an invasion from Morocco that year virtually destroyed the empire. Its Islamic legacy, however, remains in many places in West Africa today.

your map and text above are contradicting your argument......
broff first of all nigeria is not included in that map of yours, the name nigeria is as old as the name somalia..so there is no way nigeria can be mentioned in that article either, lakiin for the sake of argument nigeria has tribes that have history beyond the colonial era, now i would assume that if nigerians participated in the sahara desert trade the biggest or the oldest tribes would be mentioned in your article, tribes such as hausa or igbo ....which are neither represented in your article..nevertheless three main kingdoms have been mentioned and each kingdom is 1000's miles north of todays nigeria..the hausa tribe might have been able to support ur case, however the sahara desert trade never came that far .you have to differentiate between west africa and nigeria ... nigeria is a country in west african, a very big country with a very large population however the ancient west african history is necessarily part and parcel of nigeria... and those travelling traders were not west africans...west africans are farmers not travellers....other then the ghana empire black people in africa were sub humans and nothing more then a wild animal...... dont mention the berbers in the same breath as the madow who have been forcefully civilized by cadaan

dude you cannot just negate hausa/fula tribe and bring in the Berber myth. i mean the moores did contribute alot in North Africa but that does not mean in anyway they dorminated the transatlantic trade. Most likely those empires were Fulani/Hausa because there is no african tribe that settles/migrates in such an expansive land more than them. They are camel herders and not farmers. As for Nigeria majority of the population is Hausa. Removing Hausa from the transatlantic trade is like removing somalis from their contribution in the Hron of Africa.

[whitehartlane]

[quote]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ... 1200ad.jpg[/img

yes fulani people ...i have been looking for there name last night..on the tip of my tongue ..anywayz i may agree tht the hausa may have a small rather insignificant part to play, but the fula, berbers and the tuareg people were the true dominant traders of that time in that part of the world.....