Pharoah's Baboons

[James Dahl]

It's worth noting that the original inhabitants of Adulis were Saho people, who are lowland Cushitic people. The Semitic people who would found Aksum arrived many centuries after the Punt expedition of Ancient Egypt. Regardless whether the Egyptians arrived in Eritrea or Somalia they would have encountered similar people.

[Grant]

James,

The Saho-Afar are part of the same Cushitic migration as the Oromo and Samaale. The "original" inhabitants of that area were the Koisan, who could easily have still been there 3,500 years ago. Queen Ati doesn't look in the least Saho to me.

http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/ ... 17_LEE.PDF

"Sizable numbers of hunter-gatherers still exist in and near the Rift Valley (Okiek
and Hadza), along the East African Coast (the Dahalo as well as Degere and Wata),
and around the Juba and Tana rivers near the Kenya-Somali border (the Boni, Kilii
[Aweer], and Eyle). The Sandawe are a former hunter-gatherer group in the vicinity
of Arusha Tanzania (Newman, 1970). The Okiek (Dorobo) of Kenya and Tanzania
occupy forested areas in or adjacent to the Rift Valley of central Kenya south to
northern Tanzania (van Zwanenberg, 1976; Blackburn, 1982; Kratz, 1994).

The Midgan are also part of this group, as are probably several other small Somali minority groups that dominated Somalia up until the time of Aw Barkhadle, the afHelledi speakers assimilated among the Reewin, for instance.

I think it might be a really good idea for everybody to review the migrations into East Africa. This is the British version, which doesn't get into very early history, but is still useful:

http://universalium.academic.ru/266318/ ... history_of

[Xildiiid]

^
Nonsense.

Khoisan were not the original inhabitants of the Horn of Africa.

[Grant]

James,

Aulis was the port of Auxum. The predecessor to Auxum was D'mt, which was established in 980 BC.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%CA%BFmt

"Some modern historians including Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, Cain Felder, and Ephraim Isaac consider this civilization to be indigenous, although Sabaean-influenced due to the latter's dominance of the Red Sea, while others like Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekle-Tsadik Mekouria, and Stanley Burstein have viewed Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans and indigenous peoples.[5][6] The most recent research, however, shows that Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in ancient times, is not derived from Sabaean.[7] There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia at least as early as 2000 BC.[6][8] It is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state.[9][10]

After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom. The ancestor of medieval and modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, Aksum was able to reunite the area.[11]"

So the language of the area in Hatshepsut's time was either Khoisan or Semitic, or a mix. It was not Cushitic.


Note especially the map in this article. At the time of D'mt, Kush was just over the hill to the west, and Sheba just across the Red Sea to the east. The Cushitic migrations had not yet begun.

[Xildiiid]

The Semitic languages spoken in Ethiopia/Eritrea including Ge'ez and its modern dotter languages have a Cushitic substratum which means that the speakers of these languages were originally Cushitic speaking groups (confirmed by genetic studies) that shifted to a Semitic language either by an internal process (most likely) or by contact with another language/dialect. The latter option is unlikely since Ge'ez did not derive from Sabean. Worth mentioning is that the Semitic speaking groups did not inhabit the Red Sea coast in ancient times. Only when Dm't came into existence and later Axum did they control parts of the Red Sea coast. Not during the Puntite era or Hatchepsuts rule.

https://books.google.se/books?id=e_t93n ... um&f=false

White man,

There's no trace of Khoisan in the Horn of Africa.

[LiquidHYDROGEN]

Some Raxanweyn groups are most likely descendants of these southern Cushites.

An excavated artifact from 6th century B.C Marka in L/Shabeelle depicting an Azanian (Cushitic) maiden carrying water, posted by a SomaliNet user named Bilis who knew a lot about theses ancient Azanians.



Btw, I abhor the term caucasoid because it's essentially a term coined by white Europeans so that they can claim our history, our ancestors and our connection to ancient civilizations and the prophets sent to us in the great line of divine. It's part of a Eurocentric narrative on ancient history.

Do you have a source for this bro? That artifact looks fairly recent. And the female looks indian/native american not Cushite.

[Xildiiid]

I don't have the source but the user Bilis does.

It doesn't look that recent and the wristlets and neckless she wears is similar to what Somali women used to wear quite recently.

[Grant]

Guys,

Azania was somewhere south of Somalia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azania

The 1st century AD Greek travelogue the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea first describes Azania based on its author's intimate knowledge of the area. Chapter 15 of the Periplus suggests that Azania could be the littoral area south of present-day Somalia (the "Lesser and Greater Bluffs", the "Lesser and Greater Strands", and the "Seven Courses").[3] Chapter 16 clearly describes the emporium of Rhapta, located south of the Puralean Islands at the end of the Seven Courses of Azania, as the "southernmost market of Azania". The Periplus does not mention any dark-skinned "Ethiopians" among the area's inhabitants. They only later appear in Ptolemy's Geographia, but in a region far south, around the "Bantu nucleus" of northern Mozambique. According to John Donnelly Fage, these early Greek documents altogether suggest that the original inhabitants of the Azania coast, the "Azanians", were of the same ancestral stock as the Afro-Asiatic populations to the north of them along the Red Sea. Subsequently, by the 10th century AD, these original "Azanians" had been replaced by early waves of Bantu settlers.[4]

Later Western writers who mention Azania include Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 – c. 170 CE) and Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE).

Azania was known to the Chinese as Zésàn (澤散) by the 3rd century AD.[5]"

I didn't find anything at all searching "archaeology of Merka, Somalia". In any case, finding Ming porcelain on the east coast of Africa means that the Chinese visited, not that the locals were making porcelain. Also, the Samaales did not reach the Indian Ocean coast until 1100 AD, so the tie-in is not all that significant.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Marca

Marca, also spelled Marka, Merca, or Merka, port city, southern Somalia, on the Indian Ocean, about 45 miles (70 km) southwest of Mogadishu, the national capital and main port. The town, which was founded by Arab or Persian traders, was in existence by the 10th century. The first Somalis to settle near there arrived in the 13th century, and in the 17th century the town, its hinterland, and caravan routes from the interior were controlled by the Bimal, a subgroup of one of the four major Somali clans, who traded extensively in ivory, slaves, cattle, and hides. Offshore coral reefs make it necessary to carry goods by lighters between the port and oceangoing vessels, and they limit expansion of the port. The principal export is bananas. Pop. (1990 est.) 62,000.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu

Note in this history of Mogadishu that ..."Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was historically inhabited by hunter-gatherers. These were later joined by Cushitic agro-pastoralists, who would go on to establish local aristocracies. During its medieval Golden Age, Mogadishu was ruled by the Muzaffar dynasty..."

The Muzaffar dynasty, which long outlasted the Ajuraan empire, was Nabhanni, from Oman. The"hunter-gatherers" are the Koisan; in afSamaale they were called the "Bon". The Khoi and San in southern Africa are not especially good representatives of the group. The Eyle and Midgan of Somalia and the Hadza and Sandawe of Tanzania are probably better examples. These people once covered all of Africa.

[Xildiiid]

Yh, the southern Cushites settled along the coast south of Somalia before being replaced by Bantu migrants. They also settled the areas south of Mogadishu.

The Gabooye are not Khoisan.

[Grant]

Hildiid,

I did not say the Gaboye were Koisan. The Yibir are likely Fallasha from the period of Auxumite domination of the northern coast, and the Tumals may or may not be with them. In my response to James, above, I named "along the East African Coast (the Dahalo as well as Degere and Wata),
and around the Juba and Tana rivers near the Kenya-Somali border (the Boni, Kilii [Aweer], and Eyle). " The Midgan are mentioned in several studies as being in this group, as is also claimed on their website.

In this map, from 1977, the clan areas are noted. The Eyle are visible at Buur Heybe and Buur Hakaba. The Dabarre, Jiddu and Tunni have separate languages that are neither Maay nor Maxaad. You will note the afHelledi area where hunter/gatherer groups assimilated among the Reewin live.

[St8OuttaDirree]

This Grant guy has no idea of what he's talking about.

Please do us and yourself the favour, and keep these stupids ideas to none other but yourself.

[St8OuttaDirree]

.....

[gurey25]

Grant the midgan and yibir etc are a recent divergence and they are not only cushites but somaloid, linguistically and physical appearance.
The formation of current somali identity is only just over 1000 years.
The victory and domination of nomadic and islamic somali groups over the previous settled and semi nomadic cattle herding somalis
who still clinged to pre-islamic religion is the start of modern somali history.

Now the khoisans it is an accepted theory that they ranged all over africa and were the original inhabitants ,
but the problem with that is labeling them khoisans is misleading because that is a specific group of northern origin, i.e the sahara and east africa that migrated south all the way to south africa.

The timeline is very important.

Somalis,oromos and other cushites share maternal DNA with the Khoisans and related people like the hadze in tanzania
but this is 20,000 + years.
The Eurasian YDNA of Somalis like T is also within that range 18,000+ and this must have occured during the migration out of the sahara into the near east.
So there must have been some mixing during pre-historic times.

The back migration into africa coinsides with the neolithic period and the domestication of sheep, goats and cattle.
Sheep and goats are 100% confirmed to be domesticated in the near east as early as 9000BC,
cattle too but its not confirmed with certainty, there might have been a seperate domestication event in northern africa from native aurochs.

This back migration extended all the way to east africa well before Hatsheputs reign if you consider the Las gaal cave paintings
showing cattle which is at least 3000BC.

So the people in the area where cushites that migrated from the sahara, mostly likely the nile valley due to the drying of the sahara after 5000BC.
The period between 10,000 BC and 5000BC was when the Sahara and the nile valley was heaven on earth and much more attractive than the fertile cresent and perfect environment for nomadic herders, when it started to dry logic suggests that they would move on to sources of pasture and water which would be towards Ethiopia.


Now consider that the Khoisans all the way in south africa have been found to have Eurasian DNA and traces of Neanderthal DNA
meaning they must have mixed with a population that once lived in the Near East.
Their sheep are the fat tailed sheep related to somali sheep and the cattle the same.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn ... ed-in-dna/

and i recommend this book, very interesting.

http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology ... 0paper.pdf

and this one too.

https://books.google.com.au/books?id=aB ... ns&f=false


in conclusion
the inhabitants of the horn were clearly cushites by 3000BC and 1500 years later during hatshetputs reign were there too.
and there is proof of very early admixture with ancestors of Khoi/San/bushmen etc going in both directions.
The cushite influence on the khoisans is more recent, and so is that from the nilotic groups.

[gurey25]

and grant, just because you have hunter gatherers it does not mean they are non somali.
The boni language is a somali language not just cushite and Tuni and Jiddu are to Maay what Portuguese is to Castilian Spanish.
I have a friend who is a native Tunni speaker and is fluent in maay and northern somali. and i trust his judgment,

hunter gatherers would not be living independently if they were assimilated and spoke a borrowed language,with the language comes
everything else.
The Khoisans that lost their language and started speaking bantu languages also started farming ,
the pygmies of the great lakes that lost their language fully assimilated and are not hunter gatherers.

If the hunter gatherers are a remanent of the original population they would have a very different language.
most likely with click sounds.

[James Dahl]

The travel guides that describe Azania also describe the distances of sailing between the different ports, it is definitely southern Somalia, the coast from Hobyo south to Kismayo. This area was inhabited by a mix of Arab merchants (first from Ximyar then later from other areas), early southern Somali people like the Tunni and Jiddu, and coastal Bantu people. The oldest population groups from Xamar or Baraawe reflect this mix in their genetic makeup today. Northern Somali people (Samaale Somali) didn't begin to arrive in the south and Benadir coast until after 1000 CE.

Adulis was the origin point of Habesh civilization, but the Habesh civilization is of south Arabian origin, and established the Adulis kingdom a few centuries prior to the first century CE. Prior to this, the area of Adulis was Saho territory and remained inhabited primarily by Saho for a long time. The Saho of Adulis and Tigre are the Agame.

Da'amat was a small kingdom that lay to the south of Adulis and was also of south Arabian origin. It is the Gaze conquered by Adulis in the Monumentum Adulitanum. Their kings list themselves as the "King of ya Gaze". There were many kingdoms, the area of Aksum was part of the Aua kingdom.